Introduction to Criminal Justice

by Bradley D. Edwards, Lawrence F. Travis III

Overview

This introductory core book describes the criminal justice process in the United States -- outlining the decisions, practices, people and issues involved. It provides a solid introduction to the mechanisms of the criminal justice system, with balanced coverage of the issues presented by each facet of the process.

This succinct, student-friendly text provides a thorough review of practices and controversies in law enforcement, the criminal courts and corrections. The straightforward conceptual focus throughout the book promotes ease of comprehension. The text is enriched with current facts, figures, tables and photos that add to the clarity of the material. In addition, important terms, review questions and a glossary are included to aid student comprehension.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9781003828792
Publisher:	Taylor & Francis
Publication date:	01/22/2024
Sold by:	Barnes & Noble
Format:	eBook
Pages:	502
File size:	8 MB

About the Author

Bradley D. Edwards is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology at East Tennessee State University. He has previously co-authored books and book chapters in the areas of policing, corrections, and corporate misconduct. Aside from this text, recent publications with Routledge include two chapters in Justice, Crime, and Ethics (2017) as well as a chapter in the Routledge Handbook on Offenders with Special Needs (2018).

Lawrence F. Travis III is Professor Emeritus of Criminal Justice at the University of Cincinnati. His primary research interests lie in policing, criminal justice policy reform, sentencing, and corrections.

Table of Contents

	Preface	iii
1	Criminal Justice Perspectives	1
	Social Control	2
	Types of Social Control	3
	Criminal Justice as Social Control	3
	Perspectives on Criminal Justice	10
	Disciplinary Analyses	11
	Comparison Analyses	13
	Process Analyses	14
	Thematic Analyses	15
	Systems Analyses	16
	Choosing a Perspective
	Systems Theory and the Systems Approach	18
	The System of Criminal Justice	18
	The Nonsystem of Criminal Justice	21
	The Environment of Criminal Justice	23
	The Material Environment of Criminal Justice	24
	The Ideological Environment of Criminal Justice	26
	Examining Criminal Justice	30
	Preview of Forthcoming Chapters	31
	Review Questions	33
	References	34
2	The Justice Process	39
	The Decision Points of the Criminal Justice System	40
	Detection	40
	Investigation	41
	Arrest	42
	Initial Appearance	42
	Preliminary Hearing	43
	Arraignment	44
	Trial	45
	Sentencing	46
	Revocation	46
	Discharge	49
	The Total Criminal Justice System	50
	Controlling the Drunk Driver	51
	The New York State Drug Law	53
	Domestic Violence Arrest Policies	55
	The Components of Criminal Justice	56
	Law Enforcement	56
	Courts	59
	Corrections	65
	Systems and Criminal Justice Structure	69
	Review Questions	70
	References	70
3	Crime and Crime Control	75
	Defining Crime	76
	Classification of Crimes and Criminals	79
	Defining Criminals	81
	Criminal Careers versus Career Criminals	82
	Controlling Crime and Criminals	87
	Law Enforcement Programs	89
	Court Programs	91
	Corrections Programs	94
	A New Direction for Crime Control	95
	Crime Control in General	100
	Review Questions	100
	References	101
4	Counting Crimes and Criminals	105
	The Need for Numbers	105
	The Impact of Ignorance	107
	Official Statistics	109
	The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)	110
	Other Official Statistics	114
	Unofficial Statistics	114
	Victim Surveys	115
	Self-Reports	119
	Other Measures of Crime and Criminal Justice	120
	Summary of Crime Statistics	121
	Discrimination in the Justice System	122
	Understanding the Justice System	125
	Criminal Justice in a Democracy	127
	Review Questions	131
	References	131
5	Police and Policing	137
	The Development of American Policing	139
	Law Enforcement in England	139
	The Colonial and Early American Experience	141
	The American Police	143
	The Functions of Police	144
	The Police as a Human Services Agency	145
	The Police as a Crime Control Agency	148
	The Police as a Peacekeeping Agency	149
	Community Policing: A Revised Role for the Police	150
	The Structure of American Policing	153
	Understanding Police	157
	Policing in the Whole System	160
	Review Questions	161
	References	162
6	Law Enforcement in the Criminal Justice System	167
	Detection	167
	Investigation	169
	Search	169
	Interrogation	174
	Other Investigatory Practices	179
	Arrest	183
	Due Process, Crime Control, and the Police	186
	Police Officers	187
	Issues in Law Enforcement	192
	Corruption	192
	Use of Force	194
	Community Relations	198
	Review Questions	201
	References	202
	Table of Cases	207
7	The Criminal Courts	209
	The Organization of American Courts	211
	Federal Courts	213
	State Courts	213
	Community Courts	218
	The Development of American Courts	218
	The Functions of Courts	220
	The Criminal Court Process	221
	Initial Appearance	222
	Preliminary Hearing	226
	Formal Charging	228
	Arraignment	230
	Trial	233
	Due Process, Crime Control, and the Courts	236
	Review Questions	238
	References	238
	Table of Cases	241
8	People and Problems in the Courts	243
	Defense Attorneys	243
	Prosecutors	249
	Judges	251
	Jurors	253
	Problems in the Criminal Courts	255
	Speedy Trial	256
	The Courtroom Work Group	259
	Free Press and Fair Trial	260
	Plea Bargaining	263
	Additional Issues in the Courts	265
	The Criminal Courts in the Whole System	268
	Review Questions	269
	References	270
	Table of Cases	273
9	Sentencing: The Goals and Process of Punishment	275
	The Purposes of Punishment	276
	Sentencing Structures in the United States	282
	Sentencing in the Justice System	286
	Presentence Investigation	287
	The Sentencing Hearing	288
	The Parole Hearing	289
	Conditions of Sentence	290
	Probation	290
	Incarceration	291
	Issues in Sentencing	292
	Disparity	293
	Corporal and Capital Punishment	295
	Using Time as a Penalty: Truth in Sentencing	299
	Intermediate Sanctions	301
	Due Process, Crime Control, and Sentencing in the Whole System	302
	Review Questions	305
	References	305
	Table of Cases	311
10	Incarceration	313
	The Origins of American Incarceration	315
	The Congregate/Segregate System Debate	317
	The Changing Purposes of Prisons	320
	The Organization of American Incarceration	324
	Jail Organization	324
	Prison Organization	326
	Doing Time	330
	Deprivation of Liberty	331
	Deprivation of Good and Services	332
	Deprivation of Heterosexual Relations	333
	Deprivation of Autonomy	333
	Deprivation of Security	334
	Correctional Officers: The Other Inmates	334
	Incarceration in the Criminal Justice System	338
	First Amendment Protections	339
	Eighth Amendment Protections	340
	Fourteenth Amendment Protections	341
	Legal Issues in Incarceration	342
	Due Process, Crime Control, and Incarceration	343
	Review Questions	343
	References	344
	Table of Cases	349
11	Problems and Issues in Incarceration	351
	Privatization	354
	Crowding	358
	Prison Industries	364
	Prison Violence	368
	Interpersonal Assaults and Homicide	368
	Sexual Assaults and Violence	370
	Riots	372
	Continuing Pressures on Incarceration	375
	Incarceration in the Total System	376
	Review Questions	378
	References	379
12	Probation, Parole, and Community Corrections	387
	The Origins of Community Supervision	388
	The Organization of Community Supervision: Probation and Parole	393
	Other Forms of Community Supervision	396
	Halfway Houses	396
	Community Service Programs	397
	Furlough Programs	398
	Work and Educational Release Programs	398
	Home Incarceration	399
	Diversion	400
	Being "On Paper"	401
	Supervision Conditions	401
	Client Perspectives	405
	Officer Perspectives	406
	Offender's Rights in Community Supervision	408
	Community Supervision in the Whole System	410
	Review Questions	411
	References	412
	Table of Cases	415
13	Issues in Community Supervision	417
	Does Community Supervision Work?	417
	Controlling Risk	420
	Reducing Incarceration and Costs	421
	Matching Punishments with Offenders	421
	Shock Incarceration	423
	Intensive Supervision	426
	Electronic Monitoring	428
	Day Reporting and Other Sanctions	432
	Issues in Community Supervision	434
	Innovations in Financing	434
	Innovations in Management	436
	Innovations in Technology	438
	Due Process, Crime Control, and Community Supervision	440
	Review Questions	442
	References	443
14	The Juvenile Justice System	449
	Defining Delinquency	449
	Measuring the Scope of the Problem	452
	Official Records	452
	Self-Reports of Delinquency	454
	Comparing the Delinquency Measures	456
	Gang Delinquency	456
	Defining Gangs	456
	The Extent of Gang Deviance	457
	Gang Activity	458
	Responding to Gangs	459
	The History of Juvenile Justice	461
	The Philosophy of the Juvenile Justice System	464
	The Juvenile Court Process	465
	The Detention Decision	465
	The Intake Decision	466
	The Waiver Decision	468
	Adjudication and Disposition	470
	Attorneys in the Juvenile Courtroom	470
	Jury Trials for Juveniles	473
	The Recent Emphasis on Punitiveness	473
	Issues in Juvenile Justice	475
	The Future of Juvenile Court	475
	Capital Punishment for Juveniles	478
	Jurisdiction Over Status Offenses	480
	Due Process, Crime Control, and the Juvenile Justice System	483
	Review Questions	485
	References	485
	Table of Cases	489
15	Discharge and Developments	491
	Discharge	492
	Collateral Consequences of Conviction	494
	Restoration of Rights	496
	Recidivism	497
	Defining Recidivism	498
	Recidivism and Criminal Justice Policy	499
	Developments in Criminal Justice	500
	Increased Federalism	501
	Private Justice	504
	Technological Justice	514
	Criminal Justice in the Twenty-First Century	523
	Criminal Justice: A Final Thought	525
	Review Questions	526
	References	526
	Glossary	533
	Subject Index	551
	Author Index	565
	Case Index	579
	About the Author	581

Editorial Reviews

Provides college freshmen with a relatively brief, affordable, and comprehensible introduction to the field of criminal justice. Material is presented from a systems perspective, with focus on the conflict between due process and crime control concerns. In this edition, there is more material on the social context of criminal justice, the role of the federal government in local justice issues, and the crime prevention role of the justice system. A study guide offers quizes, questions, and other study features. Travis teaches criminal justice at the University of Cincinnati and directs the University's Center for Criminal Justice Research. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

Booknews

Introduction to Criminal Justice can be used at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. The reason I first adopted the book was that it was not "encyclopedic" but covered major issues and the cost was reasonable.

Gennaro Vito, University of Louisville

The text provides a sound overall introduction and discussion of the multiple topics that must be covered in the course in a relatively short period of time. It presents a variety of sub-topics, usually in a logical learning sequence for students.

Craig Wiggin, University of Southern New Hampshire

In the Ninth Edition of Introduction to Criminal Justice, Brad Edwards continues to build on the student accessible tradition of this excellent textbook. Comprehensive, balanced, and affordable, Introduction to Criminal Justice explores not only the process and systemic features of criminal justice, it also engages students in such contemporary justice issues as immigration policy and police use of force. The inclusion of a "policy dilemma" feature for each chapter will encourage students to better understand how policy is often the bridge between theory and practice.

Michael Braswell, PhD, Professor Emeritus

From the Publisher