Table of Contents
List of Abbreviations xix
Introduction 1
International Judicial Effectiveness and the WTO Dispute Settlement System: Framing the State of the Field 1
Is Judicial Effectiveness All About Compliance? 4
Research Agenda and Objectives 9
The Book's Contents 12
The Research Approach: Sources and Methods 15
Part I Theory, Context, Goals
1 Reconceptualizing Judicial Effectiveness at the WTO: Towards a Goal-Based Approach 23
1.1 Introduction 23
1.2 Choosing Among Multiple Criteria of Organizational Effectiveness: A Goal-Based Approach for Analysing the Effectiveness of the WTO DSS 24
1.3 Organizational Goal and Goal Categories 29
1.4 Goal Multiplicity and Goal Conflict 32
1.5 Goal Shifting 34
1.6 Key Design Parameters in Applying the WTO DSS Goal-Based Framework 36
1.7 Beyond Goal Attainment: Efficiency and Cost-Effectiveness 46
1.8 Conclusions 48
2 Goals in Context: The Evolution, Structure, and Nature of the WTO Dispute Settlement System 50
2.1 Introduction 50
2.2 The Evolution of the Multilateral Dispute Settlement System 51
2.3 The WTO DSS: Structure and Procedures 54
2.4 The Hybrid Nature of the WTO DSS: A Tale of the Old and the New 57
3 The WTO Dispute Settlement System: Goals 62
3.1 Introduction 62
3.2 Ultimate Ends 63
3.3 Intermediate Goals 71
3.4 Conclusions 87
Part II When Trade and Nontrade Values Collide: Linkage Disputes from a Goal-Based Perspective
4 Linkage Disputes and the Enduring Quest for Legitimacy 91
4.1 Linkage Disputes: Setting the Scene 91
4.2 Legitimacy and Legitimation of International Governance: Meaning, Import, and Sources 95
4.3 The Legitimacy Matrix of Trade-and Disputes: Context and Content 98
4.4 Case Selection 103
5 Escaping the Illegitimacy Net: Between Turtles and Shrimps on the High Seas 104
5.1 US-Shrimp: A Watershed in the WTO DSS's Quest for Legitimacy 104
5.2 The First Step Along the Legitimation Path: Opening the Door to Amid Curiae 107
5.3 The Legitimating Moves Under GATT Article XX: Setting a New Legal Framework for Trade-and Disputes 110
5.4 The Concluding 'Explanatory Paragraphs' 119
5.5 Conclusions 124
6 Legitimating Behind the Smoke Screen in the Battle Over Clove Cigarettes 127
6.1 From US-Shrimp to US-Clove Cigarettes, and in Between 127
6.2 US-Clove Cigarettes: Facts, Context, and Legitimacy-Related Misgivings 134
6.3 The Legitimating Interpretative Endeavours Under the TBT Agreement 138
6.4 The Recourse to Institutional Sensitivity 148
6.5 The Reappearance of the 'Explanatory Paragraphs' 153
6.6 Conclusions 159
Conclusions to Part II: An Analytical Overview of Linkage Disputes 161
Part III When Disputes Won't Go Away: Perennial Disputes from a Goal-Based Perspective
7 Trade Wars, Trade-Offs, and the International Rule of Law 169
7.1 Perennial Disputes: Setting the Scene 169
7.2 GATT's Concerns Over 'Wrong' Cases and Their Materialization Upon Creation of the WTO 171
7.3 Are Those Cases Really 'Wrong'? 'Trade Wars', Trade-Offs, and the Shift Away from Compliance 175
7.4 Case Selection 178
8 The Multilateral Trade System Goes Bananas 180
8.1 The Basic Pieces of the Puzzle 181
8.2 EC-Bananas: Conflict-Prolonging Factors 189
8.3 EC-Bananas: A Goal-Based Reading 195
8.4 Noncompliance in Perspective: Goal Conflict, Flexibility, and DSS Effectiveness 211
8.5 Conclusions 216
9 The Transatlantic Conflict Over Beefed-Up Beef 219
9.1 A Roadmap to a Never-Ending Story 220
9.2 EC-Hormones: The Makings of a Perennial Dispute 228
9.3 EC-Hormones: A Goal-Based Reading 233
9.4 Goal Conflicts, Mixed Outcomes: (Non)Compliance and Effectiveness in Context 248
9.5 Conclusions 256
Conclusions to Part III: An Analytical Overview of Perennial Disputes 258
Part IV When the Multilateral and the Regional Intersect: RTA-Related Disputes from a Goal-Based Perspective
10 Extending the Analysis: Multilateral Adjudication in a Regionalizing Economic Order 265
10.1 Introduction 265
10.2 RTA-Related Disputes: Context, Challenges, and Goal Shifting 266
10.3 Goal Attainment at the WTO-RTA Substantive Legal Nexus 271
10.4 Goal Attainment at the WTO-RTA Jurisdictional Nexus 292
10.5 Conclusions 308
11 Conclusion: WTO Judicial Effectiveness and Beyond 312
11.1 Embracing a Goal-Based Approach to WTO Judicial Effectiveness 313
11.2 Reconstructing the WTO DSS as a System of Multiple and Conflicting Goals 314
11.3 Goal Shifting and the Real-Life Dynamics of Judicial Effectiveness at the WTO: A Comparative View of Three Categories of WTO Disputes 315
11.4 Lessons for the Study of the WTO DSS (and Other International Courts) 319
11.5 Possible Lessons for Institutional Change and Reform 322
11.6 Beyond Effectiveness: Unintended Consequences and a Look to the Future 329
Index 333
