Table of Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Product design and manufacture 1
1.2 Development of CAD/CAPP/CAM 3
1.2.1 Computer-aided design 3
1.2.2 Computer-aided manufacturing 5
1.2.3 CAD/CAM software 7
1.2.4 Computer-aided process planning 8
1.3 Product data management 8
1.4 Concurrent engineering 8
1.5 Extending integration of CAD/CAPP/CAM 9
1.6 Summary 11
Questions 12
Tasks 12
Further reading material 12
References 13
2 Computer-aided design 14
2.1 Introduction 14
2.2 General product design 15
2.2.1 General process for product design 15
2.2.2 Top-down and bottom-up assembly approaches 20
2.3 The brief history of CAD development 22
2.4 Components of CAD systems 24
2.4.1 Hardware of CAD systems 25
2.4.2 Software of CAD systems 26
2.4.3 Current CAD platform 28
2.5 Mathematical models in 3D CAD systems 28
2.5.1 Wireframe 28
2.5.2 Surface 30
2.5.3 Solids 32
2.5.4 Features 34
2.5.5 An example of 3D modeling 34
2.6 Semantics in CAD systems 37
2.7 CAD software packages 38
2.8 Reverse engineering 42
2.9 Product data exchange 42
2.9.1 GKS 42
2.9.2 PHIGS 43
2.9.3 Open GL 43
2.9.4 Direct X 43
2.9.5 IGES 44
2.9.6 STEP/PDES 44
2.10 Kernels of 3D CAD systems 44
2.10.1 Parasolid 44
2.10.2 ACIS 45
2.11 CAE - computer aided engineering 46
2.11.1 Finite element analysis 46
2.11.2 Computational fluid dynamics 46
2.11.3 Kinematic and dynamic analysis 47
2.12 Summary 47
Questions 48
Tasks 48
References 48
3 Computer-aided process planning 49
3.1 Introduction 49
3.2 Manual process planning 51
3.3 Brief history of CAPP 52
3.4 Classification of CAPP systems 54
3.4.1 Variant CAPP 54
3.4.2 Generative CAPP 60
3.4.3 Expert system-based approach for CAPP 61
3.4.4 Neural networks-based approach for CAPP 64
3.4.5 Hybrid CAPP system 65
3.5 Methods/technologies of CAPP 70
3.6 Determine dimensions and tolerances 71
3.7 Design fixtures and jigs 72
3.8 Some commercial CAPP systems 72
3.9 Integration of CAD/CAPP 76
3.10 PDM-based CAPP systems 76
3.11 Summary 77
Questions 78
Tasks 78
References 78
4 Computer aided manufacturing 80
4.1 Introduction 80
4.2 CNC machine tools 82
4.2.1 Introduction to CNC machine tools 82
4.2.2 Principal elements of a CNC machine tool 82
4.2.3 Some new applications of CNC machine tools 83
4.2.4 Typical CNC machine tools 85
4.2.5 Tooling for CNC machine tools 88
4.3 CNC programming 92
4.4 Automatic programming tool 94
4.5 CAD/CAM integration 96
4.5.1 Functions of CAD/CAM system 96
4.5.2 CAD/CAM systems 98
4.6 STEP-NC 99
4.7 The 3D printing technology 100
4.7.1 The principle of 3D Printing 100
4.7.2 Methods and technologies of 3D printing 101
4.7.3 Industrial and personal 3D printing applications 103
4.8 Summary 104
Questions 104
Tasks 104
References 104
5 Integration of CAD/CAPP/CAM 105
5.1 Introduction 105
5.2 Product data exchange 106
5.3 Some neutral data formats 109
5.3.1 Drawing exchange Format 109
5.3.2 Initial graphic exchange specification 112
5.3.3 Product data exchange specification 113
5.3.4 Standard for the exchange of product model data 115
5.3.5 eXtensible Markup Language 116
5.4 Data exchange using STEP 116
5.5 AP 213 for CAPP 119
5.6 STEP-NC (AP238 or ISO 14649) for CAM 119
5.7 Integration of CAD/CAPP/CAM 123
5.8 Summary 125
Questions 129
Tasks 130
References 130
6 Product data management 131
6.1 Introduction 131
6.2 Functions of PDM 132
6.3 PDM software vendors 137
6.4 Benefits of PDM systems 139
6.5 New development of PDM 139
6.6 Summary 141
Extended reading 142
Questions 142
Tasks 143
References 143
7 Concurrent engineering and collaborative design 144
7.1 Introduction 144
7.2 Business process re-engineering of product development 151
7.3 Key technologies of CE 157
7.4 Example of Boeing 777-X 160
7.5 Summary 162
Questions 163
Tasks 163
References 163
8 The future 165
8.1 Next-generation 3D CAD 165
8.2 CAPP in another way 169
8.3 Next-generation CAM 170
8.4 Integrated CAD/CAPP/CAM systems in the future 171
Questions and tasks 171
References 171
Index 173
