eBook
Available on Compatible NOOK devices, the free NOOK App and in My Digital Library.
Related collections and offers
Overview
Industrial Organic Chemistry examines all major industrial manufacturing technologies and reaction types with a focus on organic chemistry in general and petroleum refining in particular. The author takes a systematic approach to introducing the most important classes of organic compounds, from the C1 fraction through to polyaromatics and polymers.
The author introduces biological sources for key compounds such as fuel and plastics and compares these bio-based organic materials to the corresponding petroleum-based chemicals.
In addition to the chemistry behind processes in the petroleum, pharma, food and agrochemical industries, this book also discusses related topics such as process selectivity, waste management, and product purification.
Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9783110491715 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | De Gruyter |
| Publication date: | 10/23/2017 |
| Series: | De Gruyter Textbook |
| Sold by: | Barnes & Noble |
| Format: | eBook |
| Pages: | 158 |
| File size: | 9 MB |
| Age Range: | 18 Years |
About the Author
Table of Contents
Preface v
1 Introduction, overview, and history 1
1.1 Introduction and overview 1
1.2 Historical overview 1
1.2.1 The rise of the use of oil in the late 1800s 2
1.2.2 Petroleum consumption in the early 1900s, the First World War 2
1.2.3 Petroleum consumption during the Second World War 3
1.2.4 Post-World War II plastic production 3
1.3 World petroleum production 4
1.4 World petroleum use 4
1.5 Bio-based organic chemical production 5
References 5
2 Petroleum refining 7
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Refining for fuel 9
2.2.1 Desalting 9
2.2.2 Distillation 9
2.2.3 Hydrotreating or hydroprocessing 9
2.2.4 Cracking or hydrocracking 9
2.2.5 Coking 10
2.2.6 Visbreaking 10
2.2.7 Steam cracking 10
2.2.8 Catalytic reformers 10
2.2.9 Alkylation 11
2.2.10 Removal of the natural gas fraction (the C1) 11
2.2.11 Sulfur recovery 11
2.3 Commodity chemicals 11
2.4 Monomers 12
2.5 Pollution and recycling 12
References 12
3 The C1 fraction 15
3.1 Introduction 15
3.2 Methane 15
3.3 Methanol 16
3.4 Acetic acid 17
3.5 Formic acid 17
3.6 Formaldehyde 18
3.7 CO and CO2 19
3.7.1 Carbon monoxide 19
3.7.2 Carbon dioxide 21
3.8 Dichloromethane 21
3.9 Chloroform 21
3.10 Chlorofluorocarbon compounds 22
3.11 Hydrogen 23
3.12 Recycling and reuse 23
References 24
4 The C2 fraction 25
4.1 Introduction 25
4.2 Ethane 26
4.3 Ethylene 27
4.4 Ethylene oxide 27
4.5 Acetaldehyde and acetic acid 28
4.6 Ethanol 31
4.6.1 Ethanol as fuel 31
4.7 Acetylene 31
4.8 Vinyl derivatives 32
4.9 Recyclings 32
References 33
5 The C3 fraction 35
5.1 Introduction 35
5.2 Propane 35
5.3 Propylene/propene 35
5.4 Propylene oxide 37
5.5 Acetone (and phenol) 37
5.6 Isopropanol 38
5.7 Acrolein 39
5.8 Acrylonitrile 40
5.9 Recycling and reuse 41
References 41
6 The C4 fraction 43
6.1 Butane 43
6.1.1 n-Butane 43
6.1.2 Isobutane 43
6.2 Butadiene 44
6.3 Monomers for rubber 45
6.4 Recycling 46
References 46
7 The C5-C8 fraction 49
7.1 Introduction 49
7.2 Light fuels 49
7.3 Gasoline 49
7.3.1 Gasoline as a liquid fuel 49
7.3.2 Gasoline additives 50
7.4 RON and MON 51
References 52
8 Benzene, toluene, xylene 53
8.1 Isolation 53
8.2 Solvents 53
8.3 Benzene 53
8.3.1 Steam cracking or catalytic reforming 54
8.3.2 Toluene hydrodealkylation 55
8.3.3 Toluene disproportionation 55
8.4 Fuel 55
8.5 Ethylbenzene and styrene 55
8.6 Cumene 56
8.7 Cyclohexane 57
8.8 Aniline 58
8.9 Chlorobenzene 59
8.10 Toluene diisocyanate 60
8.11 Trinitrotoluene 60
8.12 Xylene 61
8.13 Terephthalic acid 61
8.14 Dimethyl terephthalate 62
8.15 Phthalic anhydride 62
8.16 Recycling and reuse 63
References 63
9 The higher alkanes 65
9.1 Introduction 65
9.2 Fuel oil 65
9.3 Lubricating oils 66
9.4 Paraffin 66
9.5 Recycling and reuse 67
References 68
10 Further oils and lubricants 69
10.1 Polyalpha olefins 69
10.2 Polyalkalene glycols 71
10.3 Silicones 72
10.4 Recycling and reuse 74
References 74
11 Fuels, biofuels 75
11.1 Gasoline 75
11.2 Bioethanol 75
11.3 Diesel and biodiesel 76
11.4 Kerosene and jet fuel 78
11.5 Biobutanol 78
References 79
12 Polymers 81
12.1 Introduction and history 81
12.2 Resin identification code 1-6 82
12.2.1 RIC 1, polyethylene terephthalate 82
12.2.2 RIC 2 and RIC 4, high-density polyethylene and low-density polyethylene 83
12.2.3 RIC 3, polyvinylchloride 84
12.2.4 RIC 5, polypropylene (PP) 85
12.2.5 RIC 6, polystyrene (PS) 87
12.3 Thermoplastics 87
12.4 Thermosets 88
12.5 Specialty plastics 88
12.6 Bio-based plastics 89
12.6.1 Polylactic acid 89
12.7 Recycling 90
References 91
13 Naphthalene and higher polyaromatics 93
13.1 Production 93
13.2 Naphthalene 93
13.3 Anthracene 94
13.4 Anthraquinone 95
13.5 Recycling and reuse 96
References 96
14 Coal as a source 97
14.1 Introduction 97
14.2 Coal gasification 98
14.3 Coal liquefaction 99
14.4 Recycling and reuse 100
References 100
15 Pharmaceuticals 101
15.1 Introduction 101
15.2 Source materials 101
15.3 Classifications 102
15.3.1 Top 100 prescription medications 102
15.3.2 Major over-the-counter medicines 106
15.4 Development 107
15.5 Production methods 107
15.5.1 Aspirin synthesis 108
15.5.2 Acetaminophen 108
15.5.3 Ibuprofen 109
15.5.4 Codeine 110
15.5.5 Morphine 110
15.6 Reuse and recycling 110
References 111
16 Food chemicals and food additives 113
16.1 Introduction 113
16.2 Vitamins 113
16.2.1 Vitamin A 113
16.2.2 Vitamin B1 114
16.2.3 Vitamin B2 115
16.2.4 Vitamin B3 115
16.2.5 Vitamin B5 116
16.2.6 Vitamin B6 117
16.2.7 Vitamin B7 117
16.2.8 Vitamin B9 118
16.2.9 Vitamin B12 118
16.2.10 Vitamin C 120
16.2.11 Vitamin D 121
16.2.12 Vitamin E 121
16.2.13 Vitamin K 122
16.2.14 Vitamin F 122
16.2.15 Vitamin uses 123
16.3 Food additives 124
16.3.1 Food coloring 125
16.3.2 Flavor enhancers 128
16.3.3 Preserving freshness 130
16.3.4 Enhancing mouth feel 131
16.3.5 Inorganic additives 132
16.4 Food additive production 133
16.5 Recycling or reuse 133
References 133
17 Agrochemicals 135
17.1 Introduction 135
17.2 Ammonia 135
17.3 Ammonia-based fertilizers 136
17.3.1 Ammonium nitrate 136
17.3.2 Urea 137
17.3.3 Ammonium sulfate 137
17.3.4 Mixed fertilizers 138
17.4 Pesticides 138
17.4.1 Herbicides 139
17.4.2 Insecticides 140
17.5 Reuse and recycling 141
References 142
Index 143