Indians in Kenya: The Politics of Diaspora

by Sana Aiyar

Overview

Working as merchants, skilled tradesmen, clerks, lawyers, and journalists, Indians formed the economic and administrative middle class in colonial Kenya. In general, they were wealthier than Africans, but were denied the political and economic privileges that Europeans enjoyed. Moreover, despite their relative prosperity, Indians were precariously positioned in Kenya. Africans usually viewed them as outsiders, and Europeans largely considered them subservient. Indians demanded recognition on their own terms. Indians in Kenya chronicles the competing, often contradictory, strategies by which the South Asian diaspora sought a political voice in Kenya from the beginning of colonial rule in the late 1890s to independence in the 1960s.

Indians’ intellectual, economic, and political connections with South Asia shaped their understanding of their lives in Kenya. Sana Aiyar investigates how the many strands of Indians’ diasporic identity influenced Kenya’s political leadership, from claiming partnership with Europeans in their mission to colonize and “civilize” East Africa to successful collaborations with Africans to battle for racial equality, including during the Mau Mau Rebellion. She also explores how the hierarchical structures of colonial governance, the material inequalities between Indians and Africans, and the racialized political discourses that flourished in both colonial and postcolonial Kenya limited the success of alliances across racial and class lines. Aiyar demonstrates that only by examining the ties that bound Indians to worlds on both sides of the Indian Ocean can we understand how Kenya came to terms with its South Asian minority.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780674289888
Publisher:	Harvard University Press
Publication date:	04/06/2015
Series:	Harvard Historical Studies , #185
Edition description:	New Edition
Pages:	384
Product dimensions:	6.00(w) x 9.30(h) x 1.40(d)

About the Author

Sana Aiyar is Assistant Professor of History at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Table of Contents

Introduction 1

1 From the America of the Hindu to White Man's Country 22

2 "Civilization" in Kenya 71

3 Political Homelands across the Indian Ocean 118

4 Between Rebellion and Suppression 177

5 Negotiating Nationhood 218

6 Uhuru and Exodus 261

Epilogue 296

Notes 303

Archives Consulted 359

Acknowledgments 361

Index 365

Editorial Reviews

Elegantly written and richly researched, this book traces the manifold layers that make up the connective tissue between Kenya and India. In a stylish narrative with a compelling cast of characters, this book expands the scale of colonial history and decolonization, reconfiguring East Africa, South Asia, and the Indian Ocean world in a wonderful instance of transnational history.

Isabel Hofmeyr

An important new book… Aiyar delves deeply into the Kenyan, British and Indian archives to give us a vivid and compelling account of the currents and cross-currents in modern Kenyan politics. Her combination of meticulous research with a gift for lucid exposition ensures for this work a wide academic as well as general audience. This book is essential reading for anyone interested in the history of the Indian diaspora or modern Kenya.

Indian Express - Chandrashekhar Dasgupta

Aiyar captures the complexities and multiple layers of the narratives on Indians in Kenya… Persuasive, extensively researched, eloquently written and well packaged, Indians in Kenya should invite all of us to rethink our concerns with marginality.

Daily Nation - Godwin Siundu

The question of where immigrants belong, their citizenship claims, and their affiliation or allegiance with their host or country of origin is a constant source of friction. Historian Aiyar captures the dynamic and changing political and economic fortunes of Indian settlers in Kenya from the precolonial to the postcolonial era. Six captivating chapters full of in-depth archival research in London, Oxford, Nairobi, and Delhi examine the different trajectories Indian immigrants faced from their collaboration as part of the British ‘subimperialist colonizers’ in 1895 to their ‘voluntary exodus’ from Kenya as non-citizens in 1968. Aiyar highlights the dilemma in which the Indians entangled themselves. Though they envisaged themselves as ‘agents of modernity equal to the Europeans’ and enjoyed the lived ‘reality of colonial privileges,’ both ‘black and brown’ ranked lower in British racial hierarchy. However, the gulf between Indians and Kenyans widened over Indian claims of their ‘civilization difference from Africans,’ their interpretation of what nationhood meant, and the desire of independent Kenyans to reduce Indians to the untenable status of ‘permanent immigrants.’ This book is a serious attempt to look at what immigration entails.

Choice - Z. N. Nchinda

Based on intrepid research in multiple archives, Indians in Kenya deftly brings to light the full range of economic roles, social adjustments and political choices of a South Asian diaspora in the age of anti-colonial nationalism and its post-colonial aftermath. Equally attentive to travels by sea and settlements on land, Sana Aiyar’s transnational exploration makes original contributions to South Asian, African, and Indian Ocean history.

Ayesha Jalal

All chapters come alive not merely with interesting facts but with a wealth of details about the key players, their backgrounds, achievements, trials and tribulations. The extensive archival consultations by the author in three continents and her professionalism as a historian and historiographer stand out. The copious, chapter-wise notes constitute invaluable reference material… Sana Aiyar’s is a fair and empathetic account of the sojourn of the Indian diaspora in Kenya… It is rarely that one comes across a book by a specialist in one discipline that is so accommodative of the other perspectives. The book not only blends rigorous historiographic study with deep insights into diasporic consciousness but also sets the bar very high for future scholarship and writing on such topics. Every other theatre of Indian migration that the author refers to (Fiji, Mauritius, Natal, Burma, Malaya and the Caribbean, p.4)—not to mention the Gulf and Sri Lanka—deserves such a book. It will not be easy to write one anywhere near as compelling but we must hope that this book inspires many young scholars to take that up as a challenge.

The Hindu - S. Krishna Kumar

All chapters come alive not merely with interesting facts but with a wealth of details about the key players, their backgrounds, achievements, trials and tribulations. The extensive archival consultations by the author in three continents and her professionalism as a historian and historiographer stand out. The copious, chapter-wise notes constitute invaluable reference material… Sana Aiyar’s is a fair and empathetic account of the sojourn of the Indian diaspora in Kenya… It is rarely that one comes across a book by a specialist in one discipline that is so accommodative of the other perspectives. The book not only blends rigorous historiographic study with deep insights into diasporic consciousness but also sets the bar very high for future scholarship and writing on such topics. Every other theatre of Indian migration that the author refers to (Fiji, Mauritius, Natal, Burma, Malaya and the Caribbean, p.4)—not to mention the Gulf and Sri Lanka—deserves such a book. It will not be easy to write one anywhere near as compelling but we must hope that this book inspires many young scholars to take that up as a challenge.
-- S. Krishna Kumar The Hindu

Aiyar captures the complexities and multiple layers of the narratives on Indians in Kenya… Persuasive, extensively researched, eloquently written and well packaged, Indians in Kenya should invite all of us to rethink our concerns with marginality.
-- Godwin Siundu Daily Nation

An important new book… Aiyar delves deeply into the Kenyan, British and Indian archives to give us a vivid and compelling account of the currents and cross-currents in modern Kenyan politics. Her combination of meticulous research with a gift for lucid exposition ensures for this work a wide academic as well as general audience. This book is essential reading for anyone interested in the history of the Indian diaspora or modern Kenya.
-- Chandrashekhar Dasgupta Indian Express

The question of where immigrants belong, their citizenship claims, and their affiliation or allegiance with their host or country of origin is a constant source of friction. Historian Aiyar captures the dynamic and changing political and economic fortunes of Indian settlers in Kenya from the precolonial to the postcolonial era. Six captivating chapters full of in-depth archival research in London, Oxford, Nairobi, and Delhi examine the different trajectories Indian immigrants faced from their collaboration as part of the British ‘subimperialist colonizers’ in 1895 to their ‘voluntary exodus’ from Kenya as non-citizens in 1968. Aiyar highlights the dilemma in which the Indians entangled themselves. Though they envisaged themselves as ‘agents of modernity equal to the Europeans’ and enjoyed the lived ‘reality of colonial privileges,’ both ‘black and brown’ ranked lower in British racial hierarchy. However, the gulf between Indians and Kenyans widened over Indian claims of their ‘civilization difference from Africans,’ their interpretation of what nationhood meant, and the desire of independent Kenyans to reduce Indians to the untenable status of ‘permanent immigrants.’ This book is a serious attempt to look at what immigration entails.
-- Z. N. Nchinda Choice

Elegantly written and richly researched, this book traces the manifold layers that make up the connective tissue between Kenya and India. In a stylish narrative with a compelling cast of characters, this book expands the scale of colonial history and decolonization, reconfiguring East Africa, South Asia, and the Indian Ocean world in a wonderful instance of transnational history.
-- Isabel Hofmeyr, author of The Portable Bunyan: A Transnational History of The Pilgrim’s Progress

Based on intrepid research in multiple archives, Indians in Kenya deftly brings to light the full range of economic roles, social adjustments and political choices of a South Asian diaspora in the age of anti-colonial nationalism and its post-colonial aftermath. Equally attentive to travels by sea and settlements on land, Sana Aiyar’s transnational exploration makes original contributions to South Asian, African, and Indian Ocean history.
-- Ayesha Jalal, author of Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia

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