Hypoxic Respiratory Failure in the Newborn: From Origins to Clinical Management

by Shyamala Dakshinamurti (Editor)

Overview

We have all been hypoxic. Fetal tolerance for intrauterine hypoxia arises from evolutionarily conserved physiological mechanisms, the antecedents of which can be learned from diving mammals or species at high altitudes. Understanding fetal hypoxia leads to understanding the huge physiological shifts of neonatal transition and the dangers of perinatal hypoxia.

This comprehensive volume of topical review articles by expert authors addresses the origins of hypoxia tolerance, the impact of oxygen on circulatory transition at birth, and the biochemistry of hypoxia in the pulmonary circuit, as well as the classification, diagnosis, and clinical management of hypoxic respiratory failure and persistent pulmonary hypertension in the term neonate.

The goal of Hypoxic Respiratory Failure in the Newborn is to connect our understanding of hypoxia from animals in extreme environments, with how the human fetus handles its hypoxic environment; and why the human newborn suddenly cannot. The book will educate health care professionals on how to care for newborns with hypoxic respiratory failure, including the use of up-to-date diagnostic tools and therapies. It also highlights areas of controversy and ongoing research in hypoxic respiratory failure and pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, including challenging case studies.

Key Features

• Explores evolutionary context and comparative physiology of hypoxia tolerance in the fetus and neonate, from basic research to clinical scenarios
• Provides guidance to trainees, physicians, and allied health professionals engaged in NICU care; pediatricians, cardiologists, pulmonologists, anesthesiologists, neonatologists, and physiologists to effectively manage infants in hypoxic respiratory failure
• Includes case scenarios emphasizing current diagnostic and therapeutic controversies and algorithmic approaches to decipher difficult clinical cases

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780367493998
Publisher:	CRC Press
Publication date:	10/29/2021
Pages:	268
Product dimensions:	8.25(w) x 11.00(h) x (d)

About the Author

Editor

Dr Shyamala Dakshinamurti is a neonatologist and biomedical researcher, Professor of Pediatrics and Physiology at the University of Manitoba, Canada, and member of the Biology of Breathing theme, Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba.

Section Editors

Dr Steven H. Abman is Professor of Pediatrics and Director of the Pediatric Heart Lung Center at the University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine and the Children’s Hospital Colorado, USA.

Dr Po-Yin Cheung is a neonatologist of the Northern Alberta Neonatal Program of Alberta Health Services and Professor in the Departments of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Surgery at the University of Alberta, Canada.

Dr Satyan Lakshminrusimha is a neonatologist and the Dennis and Nancy Marks Chair and Professor of Pediatrics at the University of California at Davis, Sacramento, USA.

Dr Patrick McNamara is a staff neonatologist and Director of the Division of Neonatology at the University of Iowa Stead Family Children’s Hospital and Professor of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, USA.

Dr William K. Milsom is a comparative physiologist and Emeritus Professor of Zoology at the University of British Columbia, Canada.

Table of Contents

Preface vii

Editor viii

Section Editors ix

Contributors x

Introduction Shyamala Dakshinamurti William K. Milsom Satyan Lakshminrusimha Steven H. Abman Po-Yin Cheung Patrick J. McNamara 1

Part 1 The Origins of Hypoxia Tolerance William K. Milsom

The Human Fetus and Metabolic Adaptations to Hypoxia Dominique Singer 6

Hypoxia as a Neuroinflaminatory Stimulus during Development Peter M. MacFarlane Allison S. Osborne 13

Human Adaptations to High Altitude Tatum Simonson 19

Fetal Llama Adaptation to Altitude in the Andean Altiplano Anibal J. Llanos Germán Ebensperger Emilio A. Herrera Roberto V. Reyes María Serón-Ferré 24

Neonates of Burrowing and Hibernating Mammals: Metabolic and Respiratory Adaptations to Hypoxia Yvonne A. Dzal William K. Milsom 28

Diving Response and Hypoxia in Deep Sea Mammals Allyson Hindle 34

The Phylogeny and Ontogeny of Cardiorespiratory Coupling in Vertebrates and Its Relevance to Noninvasive Monitoring of the Human Fetus Edwin W. Taylor Harry Gee 39

Part 2 Fetal Hypoxia and Neonatal Transition Satyan Lakshminrusimha

Fetal and Neonatal Oxygen Environment Payam Vali Robin H. Steinhorn Satyan Lakshminrusimha 46

Fetal Oxygenation during Maternal Hypoxic Illness Fabiana Postolow Shyamala Dakshinamurti 51

Hemodynamics of the Circulatory Transition Graeme R. Polglase Martin Kluckow Andrew W. Gill Stuart B. Hooper 57

Oxygen during Postnatal Stabilization Maximo Vento Ola D. Saugstad 62

Part 3 Biology of Hypoxic Respiratory Failure in the Neonate Steven H. Abman

Hypoxia and Pulmonary Artery Structure Csaba Galambos Steven H. Abman 68

Animal Models of PPHN and Vasoconstrictor Signaling in Hypoxia Candice D. Fike Judy L. Aschner 74

Hypoxia and Endothelial Dysfunction in the Lung Emily Callan Girija Ganesh Konduri 80

Effects of Hypoxia on Pulmonary Vascular Smooth Muscle Contraction and Relaxation Shyamala Dakshinamurti Anjali Y. Bhagirath Robert P. Jankov 87

Cellular Oxygen Sensing, Mitochondrial Oxygen Sensing and Reactive Oxygen Species Jason Boehme Emin Maltepe 96

Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling in Animal Models of Pulmonary Hypertension Stephen Wedgwood Satyan Lakshminrusimha Robin H. Steinhorn 101

Hypoxia, Myocardial Metabolic Adaptation, and Right Ventricular Performance Mark K. Friedberg 106

Hypoxic Remodeling of Neonatal Pulmonary Artery and Myocardium Hui Zhang R. Dale Brown Jason Williams Cassidy Delaney Kurt R. Stenmark 111

Hypoxia-Induced Epigenetic Mechanisms of Pulmonary Hypertension Kurt H. Albertine 119

Part 4 Hypoxia and Collateral Damage Po-Yin Cheung

The Effects of Hypoxia Ischemia on the Term Brain, and a Strategic Approach Aravanan Anbu Chakkarapani Nicola J. Robertson 126

Effects of Hypoxia on Cerebral Perfusion and the Blood-Brain Barrier Divyen K. Shah W. L. Amelia Lee David E. Wertheim Stephen T. Kempley 135

Effects of Hypoxia on Airway, Alveolar Function, and Respiration Y.S. Prakash Christina M. Pabelick Peter M. MacFarlane 142

Hypoxic Respiratory Failure and the Neonatal Kidney Catherine Morgan Po-Yin Cheung 148

The Effect of Hypoxia on Intestinal Function Eric B. Ortigoza Josef Neu 152

Effects of Hypoxia on Perinatal Drug Disposition Karel Allegaert Anne Smits Pieter Annaert 155

Anesthetic Considerations for the Neonate with Hypoxic Respiratory Failure M. Ruth Graham 160

Part 5 Diagnosis and Management of Neonatal Hypoxic Respiratory Failure Patrick J. McNamara

Epidemiology and Outcomes of Infants with Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure Souvik Mitra Roberta L. Keller Prakesh S. Shah 168

Clinical Evaluation of Hypoxic Respiratory Failure Yasser Elsayed Shyamala Dakshinamurti 177

Diagnosis of Pulmonary Hypertension by Echocardiography Danielle R. Rios Patrick J. McNamara Regan E. Giesinger 184

Right Ventricular Performance and Ventricular Interdependence in Hypoxia Afif El Khuffash Philip T. Levy 193

Ventilation Strategies in Neonatal Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure Bradley A. Yoder Michelle J. Yang Nicholas R. Carr Martin Keszler 199

Pulmonary Hypertension Phenotypes in the Newborn Regan E. Giesinger John P. Kinsella Steven H. Abman Patrick J. McNamara 208

Special Consideration: HRF in Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Gabriel Altit Jason Gien Nolan DeLeon Richard Keijzer 216

Special Consideration: Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure among Patients with Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Arvind Sehgal Satyan Lakshminrusimha Regan E. Giesinger 224

Special Consideration: HRF in the Preterm Michelle Baczynski Amish Jain Dany E. Weisz 233

Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure: Neonatal Cases Adrianne Rahde Bischoff Faith Zhu Amish Jain Patrick J. McNamara 238

Index 246

Editorial Reviews

'This book elects to follow the thread of hypoxia, as an originating etiology and defining feature of neonatal pulmonary hypertension. It is a comprehensive and thematic volume of topical articles by world renowned authors, and has assembled all information pertinent to this topic in 38 chapters divided into 5 distinct sections, each marshalled by a dedicated co-editor. This strong interdisciplinary editorial team brings to bear complementary theoretical and practical expertise in different aspects of hypoxia and respiratory failure, and clearly a wide-ranging contact list – the book has over 80 contributing authors. Salient features of this book are helpful signaling pathway diagrams, conceptual illustrations, and synthesis figures by Satyan Lakshminrusimha.
Reading the whole volume provides a satisfying continuous narrative of hypoxia through the evolutionary and developmental timeline, and deeper insight into what might appear to be only a superficial problem solved by turning up the oxygen dial. This book is therefore recommended to practicing clinicians as much as to scholars in this field of science.'

Dr Kurt Stenmark

'It is the most comprehensive discussion of this topic to be found anywhere in the literature. […] There are no comparable texts on this subject, although hypoxia and PPHN are discussed in every standard neonatal textbook. The five authors and the over 80 contributors are the world's research leaders in this topic and are to be congratulated on this superb publication.'

Jay P. Goldsmith, MD (Tulane University School of Medicine), Doody Enterprises

From the Publisher

Reviewer: Jay P. Goldsmith, MD (Tulane University School of Medicine)
Description: This book takes a deep dive into neonatal hypoxic respiratory failure. The book explores the evolutionary aspects of hypoxia and discusses the comparative physiology in order to provide evidence-based guidance on the treatment of hypoxia in the newborn. It is the most comprehensive discussion of this topic to be found anywhere in the literature.
Purpose: The purpose of this book is to "connect our understanding of hypoxia from animals ... with how the human fetus handles its environment, and why the human newborn suddenly cannot." This comprehensive review is meant to fully explore this topic for the benefit of neonatal caretakers who treat neonates with hypoxia and pulmonary hypertension. The discussions of physiology and treatment are much more extensive than usually found in standard neonatal textbooks and provide a great educational tool for educators who teach in this area. This is a worthy objective and is fully met by this text.
Audience: The audience for this book includes anyone who treats newborns with hypoxic respiratory failure. The book provides guidance to physicians, trainees, and other providers but the in-depth discussions of comparative physiology make this book especially geared to the academic community. There are case scenarios and guidance for treatment that will be important to all NICU providers.
Features: The book is divided into five sections over approximately 250 pages and 37 chapters. The authors hope to provide understanding of hypoxia in the neonate by reviewing the origins of hypoxic tolerance and the fetal oxygen environment. The last three sections review the biology of hypoxic respiratory failure, collateral damage (i.e., damage to the brain and other organ systems), and finally the diagnosis and management of hypoxic respiratory failure in a variety of conditions including PPHN, CDH, and prematurity. The unique artwork by Dr. Lakshminrushimha (Satyan) is both colorful and illuminating and is a trademark of his writing in this field. The book concludes with four educational cases of hypoxic failure that discuss physiology, management, and key learning points.
Assessment: This is a unique text which will become a classic. Although it only deals with one condition, the comprehensive discussion is a model for how almost any physiologic alternation or abnormality in patients should be explored. There are no comparable texts on this subject, although hypoxia and PPHN are discussed in every standard neonatal textbook. The five authors and the over 80 contributors are the world's research leaders in this topic and are to be congratulated on this superb publication.

Doody's Review Service