Table of Contents
Preface xvi
Acknowledgments xix
Introduction 1
Managing People 1
The Paradox Puzzle 6
Signature Paradoxes 6
The Paradox Dynamic 9
Pathways Through Paradoxes: Carpe Diem 11
Key Terms 12
Exercises 12
References 13
Part I Context and Challenges 17
Chapter 1 The Public Service Heritage: People, Process, and Purpose 19
A Day in the Life of Maria Hernandez 20
Some Challenges in Getting and Managing the Right People 23
A Changing Workforce 23
Declining Confidence in Government 24
Advancing Equity in Times of Unrest 24
Declining Budgets, Leading to Increased Use of Alternative Work Arrangements 25
Rightsizing and Downsizing Despite Population Growth 25
Demands for Productivity Gains 25
Emerging Virtual Workplaces and Virtual Government 26
Decentralization and Increased Managerial Flexibility 27
Some Basic Definitions 27
The Structure and Role of Human Resource Departments 29
Historical and Institutional Context 31
Tides of Reform 31
Tide Philosophies in Legislation 35
Institutional Context 37
Reforming Government in the Clinton, Bush, Obama, and Trump Years 38
At the Federal Level 38
At the State and Local Levels 44
Human Resource Management Principles 46
Understand the Values Inherent in the Career Public Service 47
Foster Legal Compliance and Integrate Non-Civil Service Systems as Appropriate 47
Understand That the Public Has Rights Beyond Merit Principles 49
Provide Leadership for Public Organizations 49
Ethics and Moral Management 50
Summary and Conclusion 52
Key Terms 53
Note 53
Exercises 54
References 56
Chapter 2 Legal Rights and Responsibilities: Laws Governing the Workplace 63
The Foundations of Employment Law 66
The Employment Relationship 72
Balancing Employer, Employee, and Societal Interests 73
Procedural Due Process and the Taking of Property and Liberty 73
Adverse Action 74
Freedom of Speech 75
Political Activity and Affiliation 77
Compensation and Scheduling 78
Health and Safety 81
Individual and Vicarious Liability 83
Privacy Issues 85
Searches 85
Testing for Alcohol or Drug Use 85
Grooming and Dress Codes 86
Pre-employment Investigations: Truth, Personality, Health, Credit, and Criminal Records 90
Post-employment References 92
Discrimination 93
Antidiscrimination Laws 93
Intentional Discrimination 93
Retaliation 96
Harassment 97
Affirmative Action 98
Unintentional Discrimination 99
Age 100
Disability 101
Religion 102
Preventing and Responding to Discrimination Claims 102
Summary and Conclusion 103
Key Terms 105
Notes 105
Exercises 107
References 108
Part II Processes and Skills: From Start to Finish 111
Chapter 3 Recruitment: From Passive Posting to Social Media Networking 113
Factors in Recruitment: Employer and Applicant Perspectives 116
High-Quality Recruitment: An Employer's Perspective 116
High-Quality Recruitment: An Applicant's Perspective 119
Recruitment Steps 119
Planning and Approval 121
Strategic Planning and Management of Vacancies 122
Preliminary Decisions About a Specific Position 124
Position Announcements 126
Recruitment Strategies 128
Job Posting 129
Personal Contact Recruitment 130
Newspaper Recruitment 131
Trade Journals 131
Institutional Capacity Recruiting 131
Internship Recruitment 132
Headhunting 133
Noncompetitive Recruitment 133
Promoting Diversity in Recruitment 134
Dividing Responsibilities 137
Enhancing Recruitment Prospects: The Seeker's Perspective 137
Advancing From Job Seeking to Career Development 139
Summary and Conclusion 141
Key Terms 142
Notes 142
Exercises 143
References 144
Chapter 4 Selection: From Civil Service Commissions to Decentralized Decision Making 149
The Bases and Origin of Selection 152
Principles Underlying Selection 152
The History of Selection: Six Eras 159
Criteria in Selecting Selection Tests 166
Selection: Four Screening Phases 166
Phase 1 167
Phase 2 168
Phase 3 168
Phase 4 168
Initial Reviewing and Testing 169
Education and Experience Evaluations 169
Letters of Recommendation 170
Biodata-Matching Past Experiences With Current Job Requirements 171
General Aptitude and Trait Tests 171
Performance Tests for Specific Jobs 173
Other Considerations Regarding Reviewing and Testing 173
Interviewing and Reference Checks: Narrowing the Pool 175
General Considerations for Those Conducting Interviews 177
Unstructured Interview After or in Addition to Structured Interviews 179
Reference Checks 182
Choosing and Negotiation 183
Post-offer and Hiring Issues 184
Summary and Conclusion 185
Key Terms 186
Notes 186
Exercises 187
References 189
Appendix: The Professional Commitment Statement for Job Seekers 194
Chapter 5 Position Management: Judicious Plan or Jigsaw Puzzle? 197
Three Types of Personnel Strategies 198
The Origins of Position Classification and Management 201
Job Design and Job Analysis 203
Creating or Re-creating Jobs 204
Analyzing and Describing Current Jobs 207
Job and Position Descriptions 209
Job Descriptions 209
Position Descriptions 209
Use of Job vs. Position Descriptions 210
Writing Job Descriptions 210
From Jobs to Job Systems 212
The Two Primary Uses of Classification Systems 212
Grouping Positions 212
Analyzing Jobs to Set Pay: Job Evaluation 214
Using Factors and Points for Job Evaluation 215
Substituting a Whole-Job Methodology for Job Analysis or Job Evaluation 218
Curbing, Cutting, and Eliminating Workforce 219
Justifications 220
Lighter Workforce Reduction Methods (Curbing) 220
Heavier Workforce Reduction Methods (Cutting) 221
Eliminating Workforce 222
Summary and Conclusion 224
Key Terms 225
Notes 226
Exercises 227
References 228
Chapter 8 Employee Motivation: Possible, Probable, or Impossible? 232
Pull, Push, or Drive? 234
About Rewards and Money 241
Human Resource Management and the Climate for Motivation 243
Tools of Motivation 248
Psychological Contracts 248
Giving Feedback 252
Summary and Conclusion 255
Key Terms 256
Note 256
Exercises 256
References 257
Chapter 7 Compensation: Vital, Visible, and Vicious 262
Equity and Expectancy Theory 264
Pay Determination 266
Philosophy: Lead, Match, or Lag 270
The Perennial Pay Debate 273
Labor Market Forces: External Competition 277
Job Content: Internal Consistency 281
Individual Considerations: Fairness and Contributions 286
Cost-of-Living Pay Adjustments 286
Longevity Pay 287
Merit Pay 293
Skill-Based Pay 296
Bonus Programs 298
Differential Pay 300
Implications 302
Summary and Conclusion 304
Key Terms 307
Notes 308
Exercises 309
References 312
Appendix: Compensation for Graduate Degrees in Public Affairs and Administration 319
Chapter 8 Employee-Friendly Policies: Fashionable, Flexible, and Fickle 322
Workforce and Workplace Trends 324
Work-Family Programs 326
Child Care 326
Elder Care 330
Parental and Military Leave 331
Adoption Assistance 333
Domestic Partnership Coverage 334
Family-Friendly or Single-Hostile? 336
Health, Safety, and Wellness Programs 337
Stress-Reduction Programs 337
Wellness Programs 338
Safety Initiatives 340
Employee Assistance Programs 340
Flexible Work Arrangements 342
Flex Options 342
Telecommuting 344
Part-Time Work 345
Voluntary Reduced Work Time 346
Temporary Work 346
Leave Sharing and Pooling 347
Job Sharing 347
Traditional Benefits: Not-So-Employee-Friendly Trends 351
Retirement Security 351
Health Care 355
Implementation, Assessment, and Evaluation 356
Avoiding and Coping With Hostility at Work 357
Best Places to Work 359
Summary and Conclusion 360
Key Terms 362
Notes 362
Exercises 362
References 364
Appendix A Questions for Employees and Employers Regarding Telecommuting Arrangements 373
Appendix B Some Questions to Answer When Considering Implementation of Employee-Friendly Policies 374
Appendix C Family-Friendly Policies 374
Chapter 9 Training and Development: Exploring New Frontiers 377
General Principles of Learning 380
Motivation 380
Relevance 381
Repetition and Active Participation 382
Feedback, Reflection, and Positive Reinforcement 384
Training Strategies 386
On-the-Job Training 387
Mentoring 388
Web-Based Learning 389
In-House Seminars and Workshops 390
Simulation and Role-Playing 392
Professional Conference Attendance 393
Formal Education 394
Organizational Training and Development 396
Work-Group Development 396
Leadership Development 397
Organizational Performance and Innovation 399
The Strategic Turn 402
Application: Ethics Training 403
Summary and Conclusion 406
Key Terms 407
Exercises 407
References 409
Appendix: Needs Assessment and Evaluation for Training 413
Chapter 10 Appraisal: A Process in Search of a Technique 416
Evolution 421
Appraisal Systems 422
The Appraisal Process 422
Trait-Based Appraisals 424
Behavior-Based Systems 427
Results-Based Systems 429
Commentary 432
Raters 434
The Ratee 434
The Ratee's Peers 435
Computers 435
Comprehensive Stakeholder Designs 436
Rating Errors: The Underbelly of Appraisals 436
Cognitive Limitations 437
Intentional Manipulation 438
Organizational Influences 439
Human Nature 440
Improving the Process 446
Disciplinary Systems 451
Summary and Conclusion 458
Key Terms 461
Notes 461
Exercises 463
References 465
Appendix: Corrective Actions 471
Chapter 11 Unions and the Government: Protectors, Partners, and Punishers 474
Background: The Context and Evolution of Employee Relations 475
Differing Views of Unions 477
Paradoxes and Contradictions 483
Trends and Variations 486
Summary and Conclusion 496
Key Terms 498
Notes 498
Exercises 498
References 499
Appendix A Tips for Managers When Dealing With Unions 505
Appendix B Tips for Unions When Dealing With Managers 505
Chapter 12 Collective Bargaining: Structures, Strategies, and Skills 507
Structure, Representation, and Collective Bargaining 507
Organizing to Bargain 509
Bargaining 511
Administering the Contract 516
Bargaining-Related Reforms 517
Hostility vs. Harmony 523
Summary and Conclusion 529
Key Terms 530
Exercises 530
References 531
Appendix A Bargaining Checklist and Observation Sheet 536
Appendix B Mock Disciplinary Appeal Board Hearing 538
Conclusion • The Future as Opportunity, Not Destiny 548
New Technologies, Human Competencies, Failures, and Reforms 549
Technologies 549
Competencies 549
Failures 550
Blueprints for Transformational Change 556
Trump Administration Proposals: The End or the Beginning? 560
Taking Responsibility for Paradoxes 562
Public Service as a Calling 565
The Role of Work 565
American Ideals 566
The Decline of Civic Culture 566
Restoration of Calling? 567
The Years Ahead 570
Envoi: Dream While Awake 572
Notes 573
Exercises 574
Individual Assignment 576
References 576
Glossary 585
Index 601
About the Authors 638