Table of Contents
Acknowledgments ix
Introduction 1
Chapter 1 The Reading Brain 9
From Lizard to Linnaeus 10
Halves and Wholes 11
Circuits and Lobes 12
Questions and Answers 13
The Eternal Triangle 14
The Language Pathway: Linking Semantics and Phonology 15
The Lexical Pathway: The Importance of Orthography 17
The Sublexical Pathway: Sounding It Out 20
Problems With the Points and Pathways 22
Chapter 2 What Are Reading Difficulties? 25
A Range of Behaviors 25
Terms to Describe Difficulties 27
Two Case Studies 29
The Simple View of Reading 32
To Better Understand Difficulties, Graph the Simple View 37
We Can Prevent Problems 41
Chapter 3 Highly Effective Teaching Techniques 43
Use Repetition and Distributed Practice 44
Teach Directly and Explicitly 47
Instantly Correct Errors 50
Give Wait Time 54
Activate the Senses With a Multisensory Component 59
Chapter 4 Building Language Comprehension 69
Components of Language Comprehension 70
Practices to Build and Strengthen Language Comprehension 71
Vocabulary Instruction That Builds Background Knowledge 84
Bringing It All Together: The Interactive Read-Aloud 97
Why Language Comprehension Is So Important 102
Chapter 5 Building Phonological Skills 105
Phonological, Phonemic, and Phonics 106
Advanced Phonological Awareness Is Important 107
Activities That Teach Large Chunks of Sound: Phonological Awareness 109
Activities That Teach the Smallest Chunks of Sound: Phonemic Awareness 117
Phonological Foundations 130
Chapter 6 Building Orthographic Skills 133
Review of Orthography and the Brain Dictionary 134
Building Letter-Sound Associations 137
Noticing and Using Patterns for Reading, Spelling, and Vocabulary Meaning 146
Read, Read, Read 169
Chapter 7 Reading: Guided, Repeated, Independent 171
More Reading for Every Student 171
Small-Group Guided Reading 175
Reading to Develop Fluency 184
Reading Poems: Shared, Guided, and Independent 190
Supported Independent Reading 200
What's Next 219
Appendix 223
References 239
Index 251
