Gender, Conflict, and Development

by Ian Bannon, Tsjeard Bouta, Georg Frerks

Overview

'Gender, Conflict, and Development' was written as an effort to fill a gap between the Bank's work on gender mainstreaming and its agenda in conflict and development. The authors identify a link between gender and conflict issues and provide the most comprehensive review of external and internal sources on gender and conflict, with a particular focus on policy relevance for an institution such as the Bank. The book highlights the gender dimensions of conflict, organized around major relevant themes such as female combatants, sexual violence, formal and informal peace processes, the legal framework, work, the rehabilitation of social services and community-driven development. And for each theme it analyzes how conflict changes gender roles and the policy options that might be considered to build on positive aspects while minimizing adverse changes. The suggested policy options and approaches aim to take advantage of the opportunity afforded by violent conflict to encourage change and build more inclusive and gender balanced social, economic and political relations in post-conflict societies. The book concludes by identifying some of the remaining challenges and themes that require additional analysis and research. The book will be of interest to policymakers, scholars, researchers, graduate and upper-level undergraduate students of conflict studies/regional studies/gender studies.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780821359686
Publisher:	World Bank Publications
Publication date:	11/01/2004
Series:	Stand Alones Series
Pages:	220
Product dimensions:	6.00(w) x 9.00(h) x 0.51(d)

Table of Contents

	Preface	xi
	Acknowledgments	xiii
	About the Authors	xv
	Abbreviations	xvii
	Executive Summary	xix
1	Introduction	1
	Objectives and Focus	2
	Terminology and Concepts	2
	The Bank's Approach to Gender and Conflict	6
	Limitations	7
	The Links among Gender, Conflict, and Development	8
2	Gender and Warfare: Female Combatants and Soldiers' Wives	9
	Overview	9
	Women in Conflict	11
	Gender Roles in Armies	12
	Gender Relations in the Army	15
	Development Challenges: Providing Post-Conflict Assistance to Female Ex-Soldiers	17
	Policy Options	22
3	Gender-Based and Sexual Violence: A Multidimensional Approach	33
	Overview	33
	GBV and Conflict	34
	Gender-Specific Roles: Types of GBV	35
	Dynamics: A GBV Continuum	37
	Development Challenges: A Multidimensional Approach	38
	Policy Options	39
4	Gender and Formal Peace Processes	49
	Overview	49
	Gender Roles in the Peace Process	50
	Dynamics: Struggling for Participation	54
	Development Challenges: Gender-Sensitizing the Political Process	57
	Policy Options	58
5	Gender, Informal Peace Processes, and Rebuilding Civil Society	65
	Overview	65
	Gender Roles in Informal Peace Processes	66
	Dynamics: Readjusting the Work on Peace, Rehabilitation, and Development	69
	Development Challenges: The Need for Sustained External Support	70
	Policy Options	71
6	Gender-Sensitizing the Post-Conflict Legal Framework	77
	Overview	77
	Gender-Specific Laws, Adequate Judicial Recourse, and Equal Access to Legal Services	78
	Dynamics: Non-Statutory Law and the Legacy of Violence	80
	Development Challenges: Post-Conflict Legal Foundations and Engendering the Rule of Law	81
	Policy Options	83
7	Gender and Work: Creating Equal Labor Market Opportunities	89
	Overview	89
	Linking Gender and Work	91
	Gender-Specific Roles in Urban and Agricultural Work	93
	Dynamics: Changing Labor Market Prospects	95
	Development Challenges: Capitalizing on Changing Labor Divisions and New Skills	99
	General Policy Options	99
	Rural Policy Options	101
	Informal Sector Policy Options	103
	Formal Sector Policy Options	107
8	Gender and Rehabilitating Social Services: A Focus on Education	111
	Overview	111
	Gender-Specific Roles and Needs	113
	Dynamics: Complex Interactions but Also Opportunities	114
	Development Challenges: Sustained, Gender-Sensitive Services	117
	Policy Options	118
9	Gender and Community-Driven Development	123
	Overview	123
	Gender Aspects of Social Capital and Cohesion	124
	Development Dynamics: Empowering Communities and Promoting Social Cohesion through CDD	124
	Development Challenges: Addressing Constraints on Women's Participation	125
	Policy Options	128
10	Policy Options	133
	Overview	133
	Relevance	134
	Capitalizing on Empowering Gender Role Changes	134
	Intra-Organizational Requirements	140
	Objectives, Timing, Target Groups, and Dilemmas	142
11	Further Analysis on Gender, Conflict, and Development	145
	Overview	145
	Specific Gender Roles	146
	Masculinity, Feminity, and Gender Relations	148
	Young Men at Risk	148
	Is There a Gender Dimension in Reintegrating Child Soldiers?	149
	Gender and Other Differential Factors	150
	Macroeconomic Policies and Institution Building in Post-Conflict Settings	150
	Linking Gender, Conflict, and Development Cooperation	151
	Social Capital, Cohesion, and Gender	152
	More Attention to Transformative Approaches	153
	Notes	155
	Bibliography	161
	Index	177
	Boxes
2.1	Women Tamil Tigers Take on Combat Roles	13
2.2	Soldiers in Support Roles Are Excluded from Assistance	14
2.3	Women, Girls, and Boys Are Forcefully Recruited into Civil Wars	15
2.4	Gender Relations Break with Tradition in Nepal's Maoist Army	16
2.5	Female Soldiers Hide Their Identity	18
2.6	Abducted Women in Sierra Leone Flee from the Army	19
2.7	Mozambique's AMODEG, a Veterans' Organization, Reaches Out to Women	30
2.8	Women Support Reintegration in Sierra Leone	31
3.1	Medica Zenica Project Aids Female GBV Survivors in Bosnia and Herzegovina	39
3.2	Anima Establishes a GBV Hotline	40
3.3	Different Methods Are Used to Raise GBV Awareness among Men	41
3.4	Is There Too Much Research and Not Enough Action?	42
3.5	IRC's Tanzania GBV Program Helps Burundian Female Refugees	44
3.6	Peace Operations in Cambodia Had Negative Social Impacts	46
4.1	Building Women's Alliances in Burundi, Liberia, and Northern Ireland	53
4.2	Women Participated in El Salvador's Peace Negotiations	54
4.3	Women's Post-Conflict Political Participation Increases over Time	56
4.4	A "Women Can Do It" Campaign Unfolds in Southeastern Europe	58
4.5	Burundi's Peace Process Incorporates Gender and Women's Issues	59
4.6	Cambodian Women's NGOs Train Successful Women Political Candidates	60
4.7	Women Played an Active Political Role in Post-Conflict East Timor	62
5.1	Women Rally to Promote Peace in Colombia	66
5.2	Women's Peace Activism Brought on Pivotal Changes in Sierra Leone	68
5.3	Women's Refugee NGOs Lose Power in Post-Conflict Guatemala	70
5.4	Rwandan Women Move from Informal to Formal Politics	73
6.1	Taking Constitutional Steps in Post-Conflict Afghanistan	81
6.2	Centers Provide Legal Advice to Women in Southeastern Europe	82
6.3	CEDAW Gender Balances Uganda's Constitution	83
6.4	Inclusive Legislation Is Drafted in Cambodia and Eritrea	85
7.1	Women Faced Discrimination in Land Transfer Program	94
7.2	Women's Access to Land Remains an Issue in Rwanda	96
7.3	Women's Post-Conflict Participation in Formal Employment Varies	98
7.4	Women Face a Post-Conflict Struggle for Land Access and Ownership	102
7.5	Women's Organizations Are Revived in Rwanda	103
7.6	Women Can Benefit from Microcredit Programs	105
7.7	Vocational Training Programs for Women Are Found Lacking	106
7.8	Gender Analysis Identifies Measures to Increase Female Participation	109
8.1	Community Education Fills the Schooling Gap during Conflict	116
8.2	Home-Schooling Girls in Afghanistan Addresses Educational Needs	119
9.1	CDD in the West Bank and Gaza Embraces Women	126
9.2	Women Gain Equal Representation on Local Councils in Timor-Leste	127
	Table
10.1	Policy Options	135