Table of Contents
Preface vii
Acknowledgments ix
1 Introduction to digital image processing 1
Digital images 1
Image quality 2
Basic image operations 4
2 Radiography 14
Introduction 14
X-rays 14
Interaction with matter 16
X-ray detectors 17
Dual-energy imaging 21
Image quality 23
Equipment 24
Clinical use 25
Biologic effects and safety 27
Future expectations 32
3 X-ray computed tomography 33
Introduction 33
X-ray detectors in CT 34
Imaging 35
Cardiac CT 46
Dual-energy CT 48
Image quality 49
Equipment 53
Clinical use 58
Biologic effects and safety 59
Future expectations 63
4 Magnetic resonance imaging 64
Introduction 64
Physics of the transmitted signal 64
Interaction with tissue 68
Signal detection and detector 71
Imaging 72
Image quality 90
Equipment 95
Clinical use 98
Biologic effects and safety 102
Future expectations 104
5 Nuclear medicine imaging 105
Introduction 105
Radionuclides 105
Interaction of γ-photons and particles with matter 108
Data acquisition 108
Imaging 111
Image quality 116
Equipment 117
Clinical use 122
Biologic effects and safety 124
Future expectations 125
6 Ultrasound imaging 128
Introduction 128
Physics of acoustic waves 128
Generation and detection of ultrasound 137
Gray scale imaging 138
Doppler imaging 141
Image quality 145
Equipment 149
Clinical use 152
Biologic effects and safety 155
Future expectations 156
7 Medical image analysis 159
Introduction 159
Manual analysis 160
Automated analysis 160
Computational strategies for automated medical image analysis 163
Pixel classification 166
Geometric model matching using a transformation matrix170
Flexible geometric model matching 175
Validation 186
Future expectations 189
8 Visualization for diagnosis and therapy 190
Introduction 190
2D visualization 192
3D rendering 192
Virtual reality 205
User interaction 207
Intraoperative navigation 203
Augmented reality 214
Future expectations 218
Appendix A Linear system theory 219
Appendix B Exercises 232
Bibliography 246
Index 248
