From Ideologies to Public Philosophies / Edition 1 available in Hardcover, Paperback
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From Ideologies to Public Philosophies / Edition 1
- ISBN-10:
- 1405168358
- ISBN-13:
- 9781405168359
- Pub. Date:
- 01/14/2008
- Publisher:
- Wiley
![From Ideologies to Public Philosophies / Edition 1](http://img.images-bn.com/static/redesign/srcs/images/grey-box.png?v11.9.4)
From Ideologies to Public Philosophies / Edition 1
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Overview
- Explores the major ideologies of the 19th and 20th centuries while making clear distinctions for the reader between often-confused interpretations of ideologies
- Engaging 'reader friendly' style will appeal to students and facilitate sophisticated discussions
- Develops and defends pluralism as a broad public policy that is accepted by diverse political groups
- Supported by a glossary of terms, suggestions for further reading, and other helpful student and instructor resources at www.blackwellpublishing.com/schumaker
Product Details
ISBN-13: | 9781405168359 |
---|---|
Publisher: | Wiley |
Publication date: | 01/14/2008 |
Pages: | 512 |
Product dimensions: | 6.80(w) x 9.70(h) x 1.15(d) |
About the Author
Table of Contents
Preface xii1 Constructing Our Public Philosophies 1
Public Philosophies and Political Ideologies 1
Political Theory 3
Searching for an Underlying Consensus Within Pluralism 13
Ideas Beyond the Underlying Consensus of Pluralism 15
Conclusions 20
Part I Participants in our Political Conversations 23
2 Voices from the Major Ideologies of the Nineteenth Century 27
Classical Liberalism: Building Democratic Capitalism 27
Traditional Conservatism: Defending the Old Social Order 31
Anarchism: Rebelling Against Authority 37
Marxism: Pursuing a Classless Society 39
Conclusions 42
3 Prominent Totalitarian and Pluralist Voices of the Twentieth Century 46
Communism: Fighting Imperialism in Developing Societies 47
Fascism and Nazism: Totalitarian Control to Strengthen the Collective 52
Contemporary Liberalism: Reforming Capitalism and Democracy 56
Contemporary Conservatism: Opposing Liberal and Socialist Programs 63
Conclusions 70
4 Radical and Extreme Voices in Contemporary Politics 74
The Radical Left: Seeking More Egalitarian and Communal Societies 77
The Radical Right: Seeking More Economic Freedom or Moral Consensus 85
The Extreme Right: Returning to More Homogeneous Societies 91
The Extreme Left: Deconstructing Global Neoliberalism 93
Conclusions 96
Part II Philosophical Assumptions: Their Importance as Foundations for Political Principles 101
5 Questions of Ontology 107
Traditional Conservatives: Emphasizing the “Great Chain of Being” 109
Classical Liberals: Deism, Naturalism, and Materialism 110
Anarchists: Natural Interconnections, Ideas, and Conflicts 111
Marxists: Economic Determinism 113
Communists: Revising Dialectical Materialism 117
Fascists and Nazis: Heroic Will and Racial Struggle 119
Contemporary Liberals: Deemphasizing Ontology and Embracing Contingency 121
Contemporary Conservatives: Appreciating the World As It Is 123
The Radical Right: Refuting Charges of Economic and Divine Determination 124
The Extreme Right: Expecting a Divine Apocalypse 126
The Radical Left: Tempering Material Forces with Socialist Ideals 127
The Extreme Left: Releasing Human Imagination, Constrained by Ecological Limits 128
Conclusions 130
6 Questions of Human Nature 133
Classical Liberals: Humans as Equal and Rational Pursuers of Happiness 135
Traditional Conservatives: Defining Humans by their Places in Society 137
Anarchists: Seeing Human Altruism as Hindered by Conventional Institutions 138
Marxists: Conceiving Humans as Creative Laborers 139
Communists: Creating a “New Man” 141
Fascists and Nazis: Energizing the Will of “the Herd” 142
Contemporary Liberals: Fostering Autonomy, Reason, and Moral Development 143
The Radical Left: Stressing our Common Humanity and Individual Differences 145
Contemporary Conservatives: Accepting Human Imperfection 147
The Radical Right: Embedding Humans in Moral Communities and/or Free Markets 149
The Extreme Right: Regarding Humans as either Good or Evil 151
The Extreme Left: Rejecting an Essential Human Nature 152
Conclusions 153
7 Questions of Society 155
Classical Liberals: Individuals Seeking Mutual Benefits Through a Social Contract 156
Traditional Conservatives: Organic Societies that Come Before Individuals 158
Anarchists: Natural Societies Built on Friendship 160
Marxists: Transforming Class-Based Societies into Classless Ones 161
Communists: Non-Proletarian Contributions to a Classless Society 163
Fascists and Nazis: Defining Society in Nationalist and Racist Terms 164
Contemporary Liberals: Promoting Social Pluralism 165
Contemporary Conservatives: Seeing Society as a Delicate Watch 166
The Radical Right: Holding either Communitarian or Libertarian Visions of Society 168
The Radical Left: Searching for More Communal and Egalitarian Societies 168
The Extreme Right: Seeking Homogeneous Societies 170
The Extreme Left: Longing for Societies of “Singularities Pursuing the Common” 171
Conclusions 172
8 Questions of Epistemology 175
Classical Liberals: Moving from Natural Rights to Utilitarianism 177
Traditional Conservatives: Doubting Reason, Stressing Conventional Wisdom 180
Anarchists: Depending on a Vision of Human and Social Possibility 182
Marxists: A Science Showing the Inevitability, not the Goodness, of Communism 183
Communists: Generating Truths from Authoritative Readings of Marx 185
Fascists and Nazis: Finding Absolute Truth in the Intuitions of a Political Leader 186
Contemporary Liberals: Emphasizing Pragmatism 187
Contemporary Conservatives: Using a Social Science of Political Failure 190
The Radical Right: Finding Meaning in Tradition and Truth through Science 192
The Radical Left: Emphasizing Political Rationality 194
The Extreme Right: Finding Truth in Authoritative Texts and Leaders 197
The Extreme Left: Contesting and Deconstructing all Truths 198
Conclusions 199
Part III The Great Issues of Politics: Consensual and Contested Principles 203
9 Questions of Community 207
Classical Liberals: Presupposing the Primacy of Nations 208
Traditional Conservatives: Patriots Lacking Nationalist Fervor 210
Anarchists: Rejecting Conventional Communities While Seeking Natural Ones 212
Marxists: Identifying with the Working Class and Eventually Humanity 213
Communists: Fighting Imperialism Through Nationalist Appeals 214
Fascists and Nazis: Embracing a Unified Nation and an Aryan State 215
Contemporary Liberals: Nations Built on Individual and Group Differences 216
Contemporary Conservatives: Seeking Moral, but not Communitarian, Countries 218
The Radical Right: Competing Global, National, and Sub-National Loyalties 220
The Radical Left: Pursuing Solidarity Among Diverse People in Many Polities 223
The Extreme Right: Rejecting Multiple Community Identities 225
The Extreme Left: Deconstructing Current Identities 226
Conclusions 228
10 Questions of Citizenship 232
Classical Liberals: Curbing Citizenship, Providing Limited Rights and Obligations 233
Traditional Conservatives: Stressing Loyalty and Obedience to Authorities 235
Anarchists: Comrades Without Political Obligations 237
Marxists: Transforming Alienated Workers into Public-Spirited Comrades 238
Communists: Transforming Oppressed People into Obedient Revolutionaries 239
Fascists and Nazis: Mobilizing Dutiful Citizens for Purposes of State 240
Contemporary Liberals: Pursuing Inclusion and Expanding Rights 241
Contemporary Conservatives: Developing More Responsible Citizens 245
The Radical Right: Privileging Property Rights and Instilling Virtue 248
The Radical Left: Embracing Multiple and Deep Citizenships 250
The Extreme Right: Restricting Citizenship 254
The Extreme Left: Changing Passive Citizens into Contentious Ones 255
Conclusions 256
11 Questions of Structure 260
Classical Liberals: Designing Free Markets and Representative Democracies 261
Traditional Conservatives: Emphasizing Civil Society and Cultural Norms 264
Anarchists: Rejecting All Conventional Structures 266
Marxists: Stressing the Oppression of Capitalism 268
Communists: Emphasizing Party Organizations 269
Fascists and Nazis: Empowering Totalitarian States 271
Contemporary Liberals: Balancing and Integrating Government and Capitalism 272
Contemporary Conservatives: Reining in Strong States 276
The Radical Right: More Freedom in The Marketplace and Less Cultural Freedom 277
The Radical Left: Pursuing Market Socialism and Democratic Cultures 280
The Extreme Right: Seeking Theocracies 283
The Extreme Left: Fighting Globalization and Other Forms of Domination 285
Conclusions 286
12 Questions of Rulers 289
Classical Liberals: Empowering Representatives While Holding Them Accountable 290
Traditional Conservatives: Finding a Place for Elitism Within Democracy 292
Anarchists: Rejecting All Rulers 293
Marxists: The Need for a Temporary Dictatorship of the Proletariat 293
Communists: The Need for a Vanguard of the Proletariat 295
Fascists and Nazis: Concentrating Power in the Hands of a Single Ruler 296
Contemporary Liberals: More Representative and Responsive Democracies 297
The Radical Left: More Inclusive and Participatory Democracies 300
Contemporary Conservatives: More Formal Representative Democracy 302
The Radical Right: Democracy as Freedom 304
The Extreme Right: Imagining Conspiracies 307
The Extreme Left: Seeing Formidable Obstacles to Radical and Global Democracy 308
Conclusions 310
13 Questions of Authority 314
Classical Liberals: Authorizing Limited Governments that Secure (Property) Rights 316
Traditional Conservatives: Orchestrating Social Harmony 318
Anarchists: Rejecting All Governmental Authority 320
Marxists: Authority As Oppressive, Then Necessary, and Finally Eliminated 322
Communists: Justifying Massive Authority as a Means to Abolish the State 322
Fascists and Nazis: Embracing Totalitarian State Authority 324
Contemporary Liberalism: From Limited Government to a Strong State 326
Contemporary Conservatives: Limiting the Activity of Governments 329
The Radical Right: Starving Government While Imposing Social Regulations 331
The Radical Left: Enhancing the Public Sphere 334
The Extreme Right: Resisting Authority that Disregards Sacred Texts 339
The Extreme Left: Contesting Governmental Authority 340
Conclusions 341
14 Questions of Justice 343
Classical Liberals: Equal Dignity but Unequal Rewards 345
Traditional Conservatives: Unequal Rights but Commensurate Responsibilities 347
Anarchists: Right Conduct in the Absence of Just Institutions 350
Marxists: Transcending the Circumstances of Justice 352
Communists: Using Social Control to Build a Society in which All Needs are Met 354
Fascists and Nazis: National or Racial Dominance as More Important than Justice 355
Contemporary Liberals: Compensating for Undeserved Disadvantages 355
The Radical Left: Pursuing a More Egalitarian Society 359
Contemporary Conservatives: Criticizing Social Justice, Emphasizing Compassion 366
The Radical Right: Focusing on Fair Procedures and the Pursuit of the Common Good 369
The Extreme Right: Regarding Moral Goodness as the Basis of Just Outcomes 372
The Extreme Left: Decrying Global Injustice while Striving to Share “the Common” 373
Conclusions 375
15 Questions of Change 377
Classical Liberals: Seeking Economic, Intellectual, and Moral Progress 378
Traditional Conservatives: Slowing the Winds of Change 381
Marxists: Predicting Revolution From Below 382
Anarchists: Calling for Rebellion rather than Revolution 384
Communists: Generating Revolutions While Deviating From Marxist Orthodoxy 386
Fascists and Nazis: Revolutionary Change Toward Certain Conservative Values 389
Contemporary Liberals: Achieving Fundamental Change Incrementally 390
Contemporary Conservatives: Pursuing Reforms – of “Failed” Liberal Programs 392
The Radical Right: Seeking Major Changes, even if they Enhance Inequalities 393
The Extreme Right: Returning to a Past of Greater Moral Certainty 396
The Radical Left: Evolutionary Change Toward More Democratic Equality 397
The Extreme Left: Wholesale and Ongoing Change – Without Revolutions 399
Conclusions 403
Notes 406
References 442
Index 458