Frank Lloyd Wright and Mason City: Architectural Heart of the Prairie
147
Frank Lloyd Wright and Mason City: Architectural Heart of the Prairie
147eBook
Available on Compatible NOOK devices, the free NOOK App and in My Digital Library.
Related collections and offers
Overview
In the early 1900s, Frank Lloyd Wright transformed a small midwestern prairie community into one of the world’s most important architectural destinations. Mason City, Iowa, became home to his City National Bank and Park Inn—the last surviving Wright hotel. In addition, his prototype Stockman House helped launch the Prairie School architectural style. Soon after, architect Walter Burley Griffin followed in Wright’s footsteps, designing a cluster of Prairie School homes in the Rock Crest/Rock Glen neighborhood. Design historian Roy Behrens leads the way through Mason City’s historic development from the Industrial Revolution to the modern era of Frank Lloyd Wright.
Includes photos
“A fine job of showcasing Wright’s work in Mason City while incorporating some of Wright’s personal (and scandalous!) history with the evolution of this north central Iowa town.” —The Poetry of Sight
Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9781625857187 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | Arcadia Publishing SC |
| Publication date: | 01/23/2019 |
| Sold by: | Barnes & Noble |
| Format: | eBook |
| Pages: | 147 |
| Sales rank: | 481,216 |
| File size: | 5 MB |
About the Author
Read an Excerpt
CHAPTER 1
MASON CITY, KINDERGARTEN AND THE IMPERIAL HOTEL
On the first day of September 1923, an American businessman named Walter Scott Rooney (the father of CBS news commentator Andy Rooney) was in his room at the new Imperial Hotel in downtown Tokyo, Japan.
The hotel had been designed by American architect Frank Lloyd Wright, and this was its formal opening day. At two minutes before noon, as Rooney was sitting at a table enjoying a cup of tea, the building suddenly started to shake so violently that the tea spilled out.
In the moments that followed, Tokyo was ripped apart by a massive earthquake, followed by aftershocks, fires and turbulent winds. It was one of the largest, most catastrophic earthquakes in modern history, resulting in as many as 150,000 deaths.
Wright was in Chicago that day. Eighteen months earlier, he had been in Tokyo, when the city was struck by a previous earthquake (the largest in thirty years at the time). The building was "in convulsions," Wright wrote, yet he offered reassurances that the structure was purposely built to withstand any earthquake of any magnitude.
Now, on the day of the building's premiere, Wright's credibility was at stake. Had the Imperial Hotel survived? Was it still standing? There were erroneous rumors that the structure had collapsed. But communications had been blocked, and for a number of days, Wright "walked the floor, inconsolable," awaiting a factual update.
In time, confirmation came that the Imperial Hotel was among the few buildings still standing. Not only had it survived the earthquake, but it had even been used as a refuge for displaced victims. Still, news reports continued to claim that it had been substantially damaged. The truth was somewhere in between.
Ties to Mason City
In an effort to quell the rumors, Wright reached out to a California-based public relations expert named Merle Armitage, who was also an acquaintance. Armitage was "an old friend" of the architect's son, Frank Lloyd Wright Jr. (known professionally as Lloyd Wright), who was working at the time as a Hollywood film set designer and residential architect.
Armitage was a book designer and arts impresario, the manager of the Los Angeles Philharmonic Auditorium and would also later become the art director of Look magazine. His promotional efforts on Wright's behalf were presumably effective, and today it is widely conceded that Wright's Imperial Hotel (although damaged) was largely resistant to earthquakes.
Whenever this curious story is told, it is rarely mentioned that Wright and Armitage had something else in common: both men had important ties to a small city in north-central Iowa. It was the county seat of Cerro Gordo County called Mason City.
Mason City was, in fact, Merle Armitage's birthplace. Born in 1893 on a farm southeast of the city, he had grown up in that community, then resettled with his parents when his father (one of the earliest livestock farmers to raise corn-fed beef cattle) moved his business interests to Lawrence, Kansas, and after that to Texas.
The Armitage family was no longer living in Mason City when, in 1908, in the course of several visits to the town, Frank Lloyd Wright was commissioned by two local attorneys, James E.E. Markley and James E. Blythe (both on the board of directors of a major city bank), to design a multipurpose building that would include a bank, an adjoining hotel, their own law offices and rentable retail spaces as well. Located beside a downtown park, the hotel was named the Park Inn, while the bank was officially known as the City National Bank.
Stockman House
On an early visit to Mason City, Wright was introduced to Dr. George and Eleanor (Chaffin) Stockman, a local physician and his wife who were Markley's friends and neighbors.
Eleanor Stockman was an impassioned advocate of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Her sister, Fannie Chaffin, was a longtime secretary to that organization's president, Carrie Chapman Catt. The latter had grown up in nearby Charles City, Iowa, and had also recently served as a teacher and the first superintendent of schools in Mason City.
The Stockmans approached Wright about designing a two-story, four-bedroom home, both compact and affordable. In response, Wright proposed that he rework an existing plan that he had already published in the Ladies' Home Journal called "A Fireproof House for $5,000."
Prior to that, as early as 1903, one of Wright's associates, Walter Burley Griffin (while employed in Wright's studio), had used a similar building plan for the Robert Lamp House in Madison, Wisconsin. A shared characteristic of these and other comparable homes is their "open floor plan" in which there are no dividing walls between the living room and dining room. As a result, these critical zones of activity blend into an L-shape, with a family hearth in the center.
The Stockman House (as it is now commonly known) was completed in 1908. By 1924, Dr. Stockman had retired, and both he and his wife were failing in health. After Eleanor Stockman died that year, the house was sold. In subsequent years, it passed from owner to owner until 1987. Increasingly in disrepair and threatened with demolition (to make way for a church parking lot), it was heroically rescued by a civic-minded community group, which in 1989 moved it to a setting four blocks down the street, raised funds to restore it and opened it as a museum in 1992. By that remarkable effort, a modest yet pivotal landmark was saved for future generations.
Through continued efforts by the River City Society for Historic Preservation, adjacent property was acquired just north of the Stockman House, and in 2011, the Robert E. McCoy Architectural Interpretive Center was completed. Designed by Iowa architect Robert Broshar in a manner that pays homage to both Frank Lloyd Wright and Walter Burley Griffin, it functions year-round as a museum and gift shop facility that offers instructional lectures, collectibles and self-guided tours of all architectural highlights in Mason City.
Success and Scandal
In planning the City National Bank and Park Inn, Wright made use of what he had learned from previous building projects. Likewise, while working on these Mason City commissions, he gained in ways that strengthened his subsequent efforts, notably the Midway Gardens (in Chicago) and the Imperial Hotel (in Tokyo). Wright's Mason City projects (the Stockman House and the City National Bank and Park Inn) were completed between 1908 and 1910.
His Mason City clients were delighted with Wright's accomplishments, and there were rumors of future commissions. But before any of those could be realized, he was publicly disgraced by an outrageous personal scandal, in the course of which he abandoned his wife and six children and went to Europe for a year with the wife of one of his clients.
As it turned out, Wright had been in love for several years with an Oak Park neighbor named Martha ("Mamah") Borthwick Cheney (pronounced "MAY-mah CHEE-ny"). Originally from Boone, Iowa, she herself was the mother of two young children.
It was largely because of this scandal (gossip-laced reports of which were front-page stories in the news) that, as Katherine Rodeghier recently wrote in the Chicago Tribune, Wright "wasn't exactly run out of town [Mason City]; he was asked never to return." While some uncertainty remains, it is usually assumed that Wright never again set foot in Mason City. While he undoubtedly had access to photographs of the finished buildings, it may be that he never saw the City National Bank and Park Inn in their completed physical state.
In October 1909, Wright and Mamah Borthwick Cheney hurriedly left for Europe. During their year-long absence, the actual construction of the Mason City bank and inn was managed by a Wright associate, Chicago architect William Drummond, who in addition agreed to take on the design of another Mason City residence: the Curtis Yelland House at 7 River Heights Drive.
Following Wright's return from Europe in October 1910, he was commissioned to design the Midway Gardens, an elaborate concert garden and restaurant on Chicago's South Side.
Most likely, Wright and Merle Armitage first became acquainted in 1915. The latter was in Chicago that year, working as a manager and publicity agent for stage and concert performers. The great Russian ballerina Anna Pavlova was featured at the Midway Gardens several times that summer, in addition to other now legendary performers, including the Ballet Russes (Russian Ballet), operatic tenor Enrico Caruso and others.
It was during this time that Wright's career as an architect was substantially reestablished when he was commissioned to design the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo.
Wright and Kindergarten
When and how did Frank Lloyd Wright, an up-and-coming architect from the burgeoning Windy City, become linked historically to a city as small and seemingly out of the way as Mason City, Iowa? One answer — believe it or not — is kindergarten.
Kindergarten in this case does not refer to preschool as we know it now but to the original kindergarten (or "children's garden") of German educator Friedrich Froebel that began in Europe in the 1830s. Froebel's kindergarten was not a literal garden (although, at times, its pupils did raise plants) but rather a radical new approach to early childhood teaching.
Froebel challenged the customary practice of treating children as if they were adults in miniature, to be molded by rigid restrictions. To Froebel, children were first and foremost pliable minds. Having studied crystallography and forestry, he compared young children to immature plants.
Froebel believed that children, like seedlings, should be gently and patiently cared for. With tolerance and understanding, they should be helped to gradually learn and grow through participatory ("hands-on") activities, such as singing, dancing and gardening — and by self-directed play.
It was Froebel's idea, as once described by Arts and Crafts advocate Elbert Hubbard,
that the child was a human flower, and the school should be a garden where souls could blossom in the sunshine of love. ... He [Froebel] utilized the tendency to play; just as we in degree use the tides of the sea and the winds that blow to turn the wheels of trade.
Hubbard, the now famous founder of the Roycroft artists' community in East Aurora, New York, had known Frank Lloyd Wright in Chicago. He had also been a vice-president of the Larkin Company, a pioneering and hugely successful mail-order firm in Buffalo, New York, for which Wright designed, in 1904, the acclaimed Larkin Building, the company's administrative offices. Soon after, Wright also designed private homes for several Larkin executives, two of whom were married to Hubbard's sisters, including John D. Larkin, the company's chief executive officer.
Having been influenced by the aesthetic movement, Hubbard and Wright (and Griffin) dressed "like artists," wearing longish page-boy hairstyles and conspicuous Buster Brown cravats. To facilitate hands-on learning, Froebel devised a series of educational toys called "gifts." Over time, each of his pupils was given the same set of these components (about twenty), one at a time, in a deliberate sequence.
The most familiar of these were his famous sets of wooden blocks (smooth, unpainted maple blocks with no carved letters or other designs), which each child could put together in various ways to produce the widest variety of combinations.
Froebel had begun his own kindergarten in Germany in the late 1830s, but it quickly spread across Europe and to other continents. In 1856, the first American kindergarten (German speaking) was started in Watertown, Wisconsin, less than ten miles from Ixonia, where Wright's ancestors settled. Less than twenty years later, there were 556 kindergartens in the United States.
Origin and Beliefs
Frank Lloyd Wright was born Frank Lincoln Wright in Wisconsin in 1867 (for years, he listed his birth year as 1869, but records indicate otherwise) and grew up near Richland Center, about one hundred miles from Watertown, site of the country's first kindergarten. His mother (née Anna Lloyd Jones) had been trained as a teacher, while his father (William Wright) was a traveling Baptist preacher and musician.
Unfortunately, his father's inability to provide a reliable income (plus other complications, not always the fault of his father) eventually contributed to William Wright's departure from the family (at his wife's suggestion) and the collapse of the couple's marriage. Coincident with the ensuing divorce (filed by his father and not contested), son Frank changed his middle name from Lincoln to Lloyd, as a way to spurn his father and to underscore his loyalty to his mother's family.
In contrast to his father, Wright's mother and her relatives were wealthy, self-assured and well established. Of Welsh ancestry, they were impassioned free-thinkers who lived by the motto "The truth against the world." They were outspoken adherents of Unitarianism and admirers of the writings of the New England transcendentalists, the most famous of whom were Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau and Margaret Fuller.
Wright's uncle (his mother's brother) was Jenkin Lloyd Jones ("Uncle Jenk"), founder and longtime patriarch of the All Souls Church in Chicago, a church that welcomed all faiths, Christian or otherwise. He also traveled to midwestern cities, including Mason City, Iowa, to proselytize.
In Mason City, among Uncle Jenk's acquaintances was Mary Emsley, James E.E. Markley's mother-in-law, a staunch Unitarian and ardent suffragist who sometimes traveled to Richland Center, Wisconsin, to attend Jones's Chautauqua presentations.
Wright's mother had two unmarried sisters, Ellen (Nell) and Jane Lloyd Jones, who were also teachers. In 1887, they founded a progressive coeducational school on the Lloyd Jones family estate, about twenty-five miles from Richland Center, near Spring Green.
The six-hundred-acre family estate was in Jones Valley, which local people sarcastically called "the valley of the God-Almighty Joneses." The property had been acquired by Wright's maternal grandfather in the mid-nineteenth century.
Wright's aunts' school, called Hillside Home School, was initially housed in a wood-frame, Shingle-style building designed by their architect nephew at age nineteen. Years later, he designed an alternative building of stone. The construction of that second building was supervised by Wright associate Walter Burley Griffin (who would later play a central role in Mason City architecture). It officially opened in 1902.
That same year, one of the daughters of Mason City's James E.E. and Lilly (Emsley) Markley (who would advocate commissioning Wright to design the City National Bank and Park Inn) enrolled as a student there. Soon after, a second daughter enrolled as well.
Froebel at the World's Fair
A quarter of a century earlier, in 1876, Frank Lloyd Wright's mother had attended the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, a one-hundred-year celebration of the origins of the United States.
While there, she saw an exhibition about the kindergarten movement and soon after bought a set of Froebel blocks (which by then were being sold by game manufacturer Milton Bradley). She shared these with her son and two daughters, but especially with Frank, whom she had predicted (even before he was actually born) would grow up to be an architect.
Of course, Wright's mother had no way of knowing just how true her prediction would be. In 1991, more than thirty years after Wright's death, he would be officially honored as "the greatest American architect of all time" by the American Institute of Architects — an organization that, during his lifetime, he had frequently poked fun at and refused to be a member of. Much earlier than that, on January 17, 1938, he had also been featured on the cover of Time magazine.
In his writings, Wright repeatedly remembered how his mother had introduced him to Froebel's geometric blocks, long after kindergarten age, most likely when he was nine or ten: "For several years I sat at the little kindergarten table top ... and played ... [with] these smooth wooden maple blocks. ... [They] are in my fingers to this day."
(Continues…)
Excerpted from "Frank Lloyd Wright and Mason City"
by .
Copyright © 2016 Roy R. Behrens.
Excerpted by permission of The History Press.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.
Table of Contents
Foreword Ann Elias 11
Acknowledgements 13
Introduction 15
1 Mason City, Kindergarten and the Imperial Hotel 19
2 Mason City Meets Modern Design 47
3 City National Bank and Park Inn Hotel 75
4 Rock Crest/Rock Glen Neighborhood 97
Mason City and Prairie School Architecture: A Chronology 121
Notes 131
Bibliography 139
About the Author 144
