Table of Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgments xi
Introduction 1
The Diversity of Feminist Thinking 1
1 Liberal Feminism 11
Conceptual Roots 11
Before the "First Wave": Equal Education 13
"First Wave" Liberal Feminism: Equal Li berry and the Suffrage 13
"Second Wave" Liberal Feminism: Equal Rights 21
Toward "Third-Wave" Liberal Feminism: Sameness Versus Difference and Egalitarianism 25
"Third-Wave" Liberal Feminism: Intersectionality 30
Critiques of Liberal Feminism 31
Conclusion 36
Questions for Discussion 37
2 Radical Feminism 39
Radical-Libertarian Feminism in General 40
Radical-Cultural Feminism in General 44
Controversies Between Radical-Libertarian and Radical-Cultural Feminists 47
Critiques of Radical Feminism 67
Conclusion 71
Questions for Discussion 72
3 Marxist and Socialist Feminisms 73
Some Traditional Marxist Concepts and Theories 73
Classical Marxist Feminism: General Reflections 83
Contemporary Socialist Feminism: General Reflections 87
Contemporary Women's Labor Issues 94
Critiques of Marxist and Socialist Feminisms 101
Conclusion 102
Questions for Discussion 103
4 Women-of-Color Feminism(s) in the United States 105
Women-of-Color Feminism(s) and the "First Wave" 106
Women-of-Color Feminism(s) and the "Second Wave" 106
Women-of-Color Feminism(s) and the "Third Wave" 108
Distinct Women-of-Color Feminism(s) 109
Critiques of Women-of-Color Feminism(s) in the United States 127
Conclusion 129
Questions for Discussion 130
5 Women-of-Color Feminism(s) on the World Stage: Global, Postcolonial, and Transnational Feminisms 133
Global Feminism in General 133
Postcolonial Feminism in General 139
Transnational Feminism in General 145
Critiques of Global, Postcolonial, and Transnational Feminisms 147
Conclusion 150
Questions for Discussion 153
6 Psychoanalytic Feminism 155
Classical Psychoanalytic Thought: Focus on Sigmund Freud 156
Anglo-American Critiques and Appropriations of Freud: Focus on Dorothy Dinnerstein, Nancy Chodorow, and Juliet Mitchell 159
Contemporary Psychoanalytic Thought: Focus on Jacques Lacan 172
Critique of Jacques Lacan 173
"French" Psychoanalytic Feminism: Focus on Luce Irigaray and Julia Kristeva 173
Critiques of Freudian, Lacanian, and Psychoanalytic Feminist Thought 179
Conclusion 180
Questions for Discussion 181
7 Care-Focused Feminism 183
The Roots of Care-Focused Feminism 183
Critiques of Care-Focused Feminism 188
The Roots of Maternal Ethics 193
Critiques of Maternal Ethics 199
Conclusion 203
Questions for Discussion 204
8 Ecofeminism 205
Some Roots of Ecofeminism 206
Early Conceptions of Ecofeminism 209
Women, Nature, and Culture: Some Tensions 211
Nature Ecofeminism 212
Spiritual Ecofeminism 215
Transformative Ecofeminism 218
Global Ecofeminism 221
Vegetarian Ecofeminism 222
Environmental Ecofeminism 224
Critiques of Ecofeminism 225
Conclusion 228
Questions for Discussion 229
9 Existentialist, Poststructural, and Postmodern Feminisms 231
Existentialism: Focus on Jean-Paul Sartre 231
Existentialist Feminism: Focus on Simone de Beauvoir 234
Critiques of Existentialist Feminism 241
Poststructuralism: Focus on Michel Foucault 243
Poststructural Feminism: Focus on Judith Butler 247
Critiques of Poststructural Feminism 249
Postmodernism: Focus on Jacques Derrida 250
Postmodern Feminism: Focus on Hélène Cixous 252
Critiques of Postmodern Feminism 254
Conclusion 257
Questions for Discussion 258
10 Third-Wave and Queer Feminisms 261
Third-Wave Feminism 261
Critiques of Third-Wave Feminism 268
Feminist Queer Theory 270
Critiques of Feminist Queer Theory 273
Conclusion 274
Questions for Discussion 275
Conclusion 277
Notes 279
Bibliography 323
Index 399