Table of Contents
Foreword xvii
Contributors xix
1 Handling, Restraint, and Preanesthetic Assessment 1 Graeme Doodnaught and Paulo Steagall
Introduction 1
Handling and Restraint 2
Preanesthetic Assessment 10
Risk Factors, Morbidity, and Mortality 12
Further Reading 14
2 Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology 17 Bradley Simon and Paulo Steagall
Introduction 17
Cardiovascular System 17
Respiratory System 22
Nervous System 25
Urinary System 27
Hepatic System 30
Endocrine System 31
Gastrointestinal System 32
Further Reading 33
3 Sedation and Premedication 35 Paulo Steagall
Introduction 35
Drugs used for Sedation in Cats 36
Acepromazine 36
Benzodiazepines 39
Agonists of α 2 -Adrenergic Receptors 40
Anticholinergics 43
Opioids 44
Ketamine and Alfaxalone 45
Trazodone 45
Other Drugs 45
Further Reading 46
4 Injectable Anesthetics and Induction of Anesthesia 49 Paulo Steagall
Introduction 49
General Considerations for Induction of Anesthesia 50
Drugs used for Induction of Anesthesia 51
Propofol 51
Alfaxalone 54
Dissociative Anesthetics (Ketamine and Tiletamine) 55
Barbiturates 57
Etomidate 59
Fentanyl plus Midazolam 60
Induction with Volatile Anesthetics 60
Total Intravenous Anesthesia (TIVA) 61
Infusion Devices 62
Injectable-only Protocols 62
Further Reading 64
5 Local Anesthetics and Loco-regional Techniques 67 Francesco Staffieri and Paulo Steagall
Introduction 67
Physicochemical and Pharmacodynamic Properties of Local Anesthetics 68
Axons and Nerve Fibers 69
Pharmacokinetics 70
Factors Influencing Onset and Duration of Action 70
Metabolism 71
Adjuvants 71
Local Anesthetics 71
Adverse Effects 74
Techniques for Nerve Location 77
Local Anesthetic Techniques 78
Further Reading 85
6 Inhalation and Balanced Anesthesia 89 Bruno Pypendop
Volatile Anesthetics 89
Halothane 90
Isoflurane 90
Sevoflurane 91
Desflurane 91
Balanced Anesthetic Techniques 92
Opioids 93
Ketamine 95
Nitrous Oxide 96
Lidocaine 97
Dexmedetomidine 98
Gabapentin 98
Balanced Anesthesia Summary 99
Breathing Systems 99
Further Reading 103
7 Monitoring 105 Daniel Pang
Introduction 105
Clinical Monitoring using Physical Senses (“Hands On”) 106
Cardiovascular System 107
Respiratory System 112
Further Reading 121
8 Fluid Therapy 123 Peter Pascoe
Introduction 123
Feline Physiology and Pathology with regard to Fluid Therapy 123
Fluids 125
Preoperative Preparation 129
Intraoperative Fluids 132
Postoperative Care 136
Further Reading 137
9 Anesthetic Management of Special Conditions 139 Paulo Steagall
Introduction 139
Urethral Obstruction and Uroabdomen 139
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) 143
Hyperthyroidism 145
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) 147
Neuroanesthesia 148
Diaphragmatic Rupture 151
Gastrointestinal Emergencies 153
Idiopathic Hepatic Lipidosis 154
Diabetes Mellitus 155
Other Conditions 156
Further Reading 157
10 Anesthetic Complications 159 Polly Taylor and Sheilah Robertson
Introduction 159
Airway Management 161
Respiratory Insufficiency 167
Circulation 169
Trauma 173
Recovery 174
Body Temperature 176
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) 177
Further Reading 180
11 Mechanisms of Pain 183 Craig B. Johnson
Introduction 183
Mechanisms of Modulation in Tissues 183
Mechanisms of Modulation in Peripheral Nerves 186
Mechanisms of Modulation in The Spinal Cord 188
Mechanisms of Modulation in the Brain 189
The Role of Glial Cells (Glia, Neuroglia) and the Immune System 191
Mechanisms of Cancer Pain 192
Diabetic Neuropathy 195
Pruritus (Itch) 196
Further Reading 197
12 Assessment and Recognition of Acute Pain 199 Sheilah Robertson
Introduction 199
Pain-assessment Tools 199
Behavior-based Indicators of Pain 206
Intervention Scores 212
Using Response to Treatment as a Diagnostic Tool 212
Confounding Factors 212
Personality, Fear and Stress 213
Using Pain-assessment Tools 216
Continued Assessment at Home 216
Further Reading 217
13 Treatment of Acute (Adaptive) Pain 221 Paulo Steagall and Polly Taylor
Introduction 221
Challenges in Feline Pain Management 222
Principles of Pain Management 223
Nonpharmacological Therapies in Acute Pain Management 227
Pharmacological Therapy in Acute Pain Management 229
Further Reading 237
14 Assessment and Recognition of Chronic (Maladaptive) Pain 241 Beatriz Monteiro and Duncan Lascelles
Introduction 241
Common Causes of Chronic Pain 244
Clinical Signs 244
Implications for Quality of Life 246
The Concept of Analgesic Challenge 248
Assessing Chronic Pain in Specific Conditions 248
Further Reading 255
15 Treatment of Chronic (Maladaptive) Pain 257 Beatriz Monteiro and Eric Troncy
Introduction 257
Client Communication: A Crucial Component of Treatment for Chronic Painful Conditions 258
Challenges in the Treatment of Chronic Pain in Cats 258
Pharmacological Therapy 261
Opioids 261
Local Anesthetics 261
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) 263
Tramadol 267
Gabapentin 268
Amantadine 270
Emerging Analgesic Modalities 270
Other Analgesics 271
Nonpharmacological Treatment 272
Physical Activity and Weight Control 272
Physical Therapy, Massage, Acupuncture, and Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) 273
Monitoring for Treatment Efficacy 276
Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD) 276
Further Reading 278
Index 281
