Faces and Masks

by Eduardo Galeano

Overview

“A book as fascinating as the history it relates . . . Galeano is a satirist, realist, and historian.” —Los Angeles Times

For centuries, Europe’s imperial powers brutally exploited the peoples and resources of the New World. While soldiers of fortune marched across continents in search of El Dorado, white settlers established plantations and trading posts along the coasts, altering the land and bringing disease and slavery with them. In the midst of a bloody collision of civilizations, the West has birthed new societies out of the old.

In the second book of his Memory of Fire trilogy, Eduardo Galeano forges a new understanding of the Americas, history retold from a diverse collection of viewpoints. Spanning the end of empire and the age of revolutions, Faces and Masks brilliantly collects the strands of the past into an iridescent work of literature.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9781480481411
Publisher:	Open Road Media
Publication date:	04/29/2014
Series:	Memory of Fire , #2
Sold by:	Barnes & Noble
Format:	eBook
Pages:	312
Sales rank:	452,385
File size:	4 MB

About the Author

Eduardo Galeano (1940–2015) was one of Latin America’s most distinguished writers. He was the author of the trilogy Memory of Fire, Open Veins of Latin America, Soccer in Sun and Shadow, Days and Nights of Love and War, The Book of Embraces, Walking Words, Voices of Time, Upside Down, Mirrors: Stories of Almost Everyone, and Children of the Days: A Calendar of Human History. Born in Montevideo, he lived in exile in Argentina and Spain for years before returning to Uruguay. His work has inspired popular and classical composers and playwrights from all over the world and has been translated into twenty-eight languages. He was the recipient of many international prizes, including the first Lannan Prize for Cultural Freedom, the American Book Award, the Casa de las Américas Prize, and the First Distinguished Citizen of the region by the countries of Mercosur.

Read an Excerpt

Faces and Masks

Memory of Fire, Volume Two

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By Eduardo Galeano, Cedric Belfrage

Open Road Integrated Media, Inc.

Copyright © 1984 Eduardo Galeano
All rights reserved.
ISBN: 978-1-4804-8141-1

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CHAPTER 1

Promise of America

The blue tiger will smash the world.

Another land, without evil, without death, will be born from the destruction of this one. This land wants it. It asks to die, asks to be born, this old and offended land. It is weary and blind from so much weeping behind closed eyelids. On the point of death it strides the days, garbage heap of time, and at night it inspires pity from the stars. Soon the First Father will hear the world's supplications, land wanting to be another, and then the blue tiger who sleeps beneath his hammock will jump.

Awaiting that moment, the Guaraní Indians journey through the condemned land.

"Anything to tell us, hummingbird?"

They dance without letup, ever lighter and airier, intoning the sacred chants that celebrate the coming birth of the other land.

"Shine your rays, shine your rays, hummingbird!"

From the sea coasts to the center of America, they have sought paradise. They have skirted jungles and mountains and rivers in pursuit of the new land, the one that will be founded without old age or sickness or anything to interrupt the endless fiesta of living. The chants announce that corn will grow on its own and arrows shoot into the thickets all by themselves; and neither punishment nor pardon will be necessary, because there won't be prohibition or blame.

(72 and 232)

1701: Salinas Valley The Skin of God

The Chirigua Indians of the Guaraní people sailed down the Pilcomayo River years or centuries ago, and reached the frontier of the empire of the Incas. Here they remained, beneath the first of these Andean heights, awaiting the land without evil and without death.

The Chiriguans discover paper, the written word, the printed word, when after a long journey the Franciscan monks of Chuquisaca appear carrying sacred books in their saddlebags.

As they didn't know paper or that they needed it, the Indians had no word for it. Today they give it the name skin of God, because paper is for sending messages to friends far away.

(233 and 252)

1701: Sao Salvador de Bahia Voice of America

Father Antonio Vieira died at the turn of the century, but not so his voice, which continues to shelter the defenseless. The words of this missionary to the poor and persecuted still echo with the same lively ring throughout the lands of Brazil.

One night Father Vieira spoke about the ancient prophets. They were not wrong, he said, in reading destinies in the entrails of the animals they sacrificed. In the entrails, he said. In the entrails, not the heads, because a prophet who can love is better than one who can reason.

(351)

1701: Paris Temptation of America

In his study in Paris, a learned geographer scratches his head. Guillaume Deslile draws exact maps of the earth and the heavens. Should he include El Dorado on the map of America? Should he paint in the mysterious lake, as has become the custom, somewhere in the upper Orinoco? Deslile asks himself whether the golden waters, described by Walter Raleigh as the size of the Caspian Sea, really exist. And those princes who plunge in and swim by the light of torches, undulating golden fish: are they or were they ever flesh and bone?

The lake, sometimes named El Dorado, sometimes Parima, figures on all maps drawn up to now. But what Deslile has heard and read makes him doubt. Seeking El Dorado, many soldiers of fortune have penetrated the remote new world, over there where the four winds meet and all colors and pains mingle, and have found nothing. Spaniards, Portuguese, Englishmen, Frenchmen, and Germans have spanned abysses that the American gods dug with nails and teeth; have violated forests warmed by tobacco smoke puffed by the gods; have navigated rivers born of giant trees the gods tore out by the roots; have tortured and killed Indians the gods created out of saliva, breath, or dream. But that fugitive gold has vanished and always vanishes into the air, the lake disappearing before anyone can reach it. El Dorado seems to be the name of a grave without coffin or shroud.

In the two centuries that have passed since the world grew and became round, pursuers of hallucinations have continued heading for the lands of America from every wharf. Protected by a god of navigation and conquest, squeezed into their ships, they cross the immense ocean. Along with shepherds and farmhands whom Europe has not killed by war, plague, or hunger, go captains and merchants and rogues and mystics and adventurers. All seek the miracle. Beyond the ocean, magical ocean that cleanses blood and transfigures destinies, the great promise of all the ages lies open. There, beggars will be avenged. There, nobodies will turn into marquises, scoundrels into saints, gibbet-fodder into founders, and vendors of love will become dowried débutantes.

(326)

Sentinel of America

Long, long ago in the Andean cordillera, the Indians lived in perpetual night. The condor, oldest of all flying creatures, was the one who brought them the sun. He dropped it, a little ball of gold, among the mountains. The Indians picked it up and, blowing as hard as they could, blew it up toward the sky where it remains suspended forever. With the golden rays the sun sweated, the Indians modeled the animals and plants that inhabit the earth.

One night the moon rose, ringed by three halos, to shine upon the peaks: the halo of blood announced war; the halo of flame, fire; and the black halo was the halo of disaster. Then the Indians fled into the cold, high wilderness and, carrying the sacred gold, plunged into the depths of lakes and into volcanos.

The condor, bringer of the sun to the Andeans, is the caretaker of that treasure. With great gliding wings he soars over the snowy peaks and the waters and the smoking craters. The gold warns him when greed approaches. The gold cries out, and whistles, and shouts. The condor swoops down. His beak picks out the eyes of the thieves, and his claws tear their flesh.

Only the sun can see the back of the condor, his bald head, his wrinkled neck. Only the sun knows his loneliness. Seen from the earth, the condor is invulnerable.

(246)

1701: Ouro Prêto Conjuring Tricks

The silver mountain of Potosí is not an illusion, nor do the deep tunnels of Mexico contain only delirium and darkness; nor do the rivers of central Brazil sleep on beds of fool's gold.

The gold of Brazil is apportioned by lottery or by fists, by luck or by death. Those who don't lose their lives make immense fortunes, one-fifth of which is owed to the Portuguese king. Yet, when all's said and done, that royal fifth is but a fable. Heaps and heaps of gold escape as contraband, and even as many guards as the region's dense forests have trees could not stanch its flow.

The friars of the Brazilian mines devote more time to trafficking in gold than to saving souls. Hollow wooden saints serve as containers. For the monk Roberto way off by the coast, forging dies is as simple as telling his rosary, and so illicit gold bars come to sport the royal seal. Roberto, a Benedictine monk of the Sorocaba monastery, has also manufactured an all-powerful key that vanquishes any lock.

(11)

1703: Lisbon Gold, Passenger in Transit

A few years ago a governor-general of Brazil made some prophesies that were as accurate as they were useless. From Bahia, Joäo de Lencastre warned the king of Portugal that hordes of adventurers would turn the mining region into a sanctuary for criminals and vagabonds; and even graver, with gold the same might happen to Portugal as to Spain, which as soon as it receives its silver from America kisses it a tearful goodbye. Brazilian gold might enter by the Bay of Lisbon and, without ever stopping on Portuguese soil, continue its voyage up the River Tagus en route to England, France, Holland, Germany ...

As if to echo the governor's voice, the Treaty of Methuen is signed. Portugal will pay with Brazilian gold for English cloth. With gold from Brazil, another country's colony, England will give its industrial development a tremendous push forward.

(11, 48, and 226)

1709: The Juan Fernández Islands Robinson Crusoe

The lookout reports distant gunfire. To investigate it, the freebooters of the Duke change course and head for the coast of Chile.

The ship approaches the Juan Fernández Islands. From a string of bonfires, a canoe, a splash of foam comes toward it. Onto the deck climbs a tangle of hair and filth, trembling with fever, emitting noises from its mouth.

Days later, Captain Rogers has the story. The shipwrecked man is one Alexander Selkirk, a Scottish colleague well versed in sails, winds, and plunder. He arrived off the Valparaíso coast with the expedition of the pirate William Dampier. Thanks to Bible, knife, and gun, Selkirk has survived more than four years on one of those uninhabited islands. He has learned the art of fishing with goats' intestines, cooked with salt crystallized on the rocks, and lighted his world with seal oil. He built a hut on high ground and beside it a corral for goats. He marked the passage of time on a tree trunk. A storm brought him the remains of some wreck and also an almost-drowned Indian. He called the Indian Friday because that was the day of his arrival. From him he learned the secrets of the plants. When the big ship came, Friday chose to stay. Selkirk swore to him that he would return, and Friday believed him.

Within ten years, Daniel Defoe will publish in London his novel about the adventures of a shipwrecked sailor. Selkirk will be Robinson Crusoe, native of York. The expedition of the British pirate Dampier, who had ravaged the coasts of Peru and Chile, will become a respectable commercial enterprise. The desert island without a history will jump from the Pacific Ocean to the mouth of the Orinoco, and the shipwrecked sailor will live there twenty-eight years. Robinson will save the life of a savage cannibal. "Master" will be the first word he teaches him in English.

Selkirk marked with a knife-point the ears of each goat he caught. Robinson will undertake the subdivision of the island, his kingdom, into lots for sale; he will put a price on every object he gets from the wrecked ship, keep accounts of all he produces on the island and a balance of every situation, the "debit" of bad fortune and the "credit" of good. Robinson will endure, like Selkirk, the tough tests of solitude, fear, and madness; but at the hour of rescue Alexander Selkirk is a shivering wretch who cannot talk and is scared of everything. Robinson Crusoe, on the other hand, invincible tamer of nature, will return to England with his faithful Friday, totting up accounts and planning adventures.

(92, 149, and 259)

1711: Paramaribo The Silent Women

The Dutch cut the Achilles tendon of a slave escaping for the first time, and one who makes a second try gets the right leg amputated; yet there is no way to stop the spreading plague of freedom in Surinam.

Captain Molinay sails downriver to Paramaribo. His expedition is returning with two heads. He had to behead the captured women, one named Flora, the other Sery, because after the torture they were in no condition to walk through the jungle. Their eyes are still fixed heavenward. They never opened their mouths in spite of the lashes, the fire, and the red-hot pincers, stubbornly mute as if they had not spoken a word since that remote day when they were fattened up and smeared with oil, and stars or half-moons were engraved on their shaven heads to fit them for sale in the Paramaribo market. Always mute, this Flora and Sery, as the soldiers kept asking where the fugitive slaves hid out: they stared upwards without blinking, following clouds stout as mountains that drifted high in the sky.

(173)

They Carry Life in Their Hair

For all the blacks that get crucified or hung from iron hooks stuck through their ribs, escapes from Surinam's four hundred coastal plantations never stop. Deep in the jungle a black lion adorns the yellow flag of the runaways. For lack of bullets, their guns fire little stones or bone buttons; but the impenetrable thickets are their best ally against the Dutch colonists.

Before escaping, the female slaves steal grains of rice, corn, and wheat, seeds of bean and squash. Their enormous hairdos serve as granaries. When they reach the refuges in the jungle, the women shake their heads and thus fertilize the free land.

(173)

The Maroon

The crocodile, disguised as a log, basks in the sun. The snail revolves its eyes on the point of little horns. The male bird courts the female with circus acrobatics. The male spider climbs up the female's perilous web—bedsheet and shroud—where he will embrace and be devoured. A band of monkeys leaps to seize wild fruits in the branches. The monkeys' screams daze the thickets, drowning out the litanies of cicadas, the questionings of birds. But strange footsteps sound on the carpet of leaves and the jungle falls quickly silent. Paralyzed, it draws into itself and waits. When the first gunshot rings out, the whole jungle stampedes in flight.

The shot announces a hunt for runaway slaves: cimarrones, in the Antillean phrase meaning "arrow that seeks freedom." Used by Spaniards for the bull that takes off for the woods, it passes into other languages as chimarrão, maroon, marron to designate the slave who in every part of America seeks the protection of forests and swamps and deep canyons; who, far from the master, builds a free domain and defends it by marking false trails and setting deadly traps.

The maroon is the gangrene of colonial society.

(264)

1711: Murrí They Are Never Alone

There are Indian maroons too. To shut them in under the control of friars and captains, prisons are built. The newly born village of Murrí, in the region of the Chocó, is one.

Some time back, huge canoes with white wings arrived here, seeking the rivers of gold that flow down from the cordillera; and since then, Indians have been fleeing. Countless spirits accompany them as they journey through forests and across rivers.

The witch doctor knows the words that call the spirits. To cure the sick he blows his conch shell toward the foliage where the peccary, the bird of paradise, and the singing fish live. To make the well sick, he puts into one of their lungs the butterfly of death. The witch doctor knows that there is no land, water, or air empty of spirits in the Chocó region.

(121)

1711: Saint Basil's Refuge The Black King, the White Saint and His Sainted Wife

More than a century ago, the Negro Domingo Bioho fled from the galleys in Cartagena of the Indies and became warrior-king of the swamplands. Hosts of dogs and musketeers went hunting for him, and Domingo was hanged several times. On various days of great public enthusiasm Domingo was dragged through the streets of Cartagena tied to the tail of a mule, and several times had his penis chopped off and nailed to a long pike. His captors were rewarded with successive grants of land and repeatedly given the title of marquis; but within the maroon palisades of the Dique Canal or of the lower Cauca, Domingo Bioho reigns and laughs with his unmistakable painted face.

The free blacks live on constant alert, trained from birth to fight, protected by ravines and precipices and deep ditches lined with poisonous thorns. The most important of the refuges in the region, which has existed and resisted for a century, is going to be named after a saint, Saint Basil, whose effigy is soon expected to arrive on the Magdalena River. Saint Basil will be the first white man authorized to enter here. He will arrive with mitre and staff of office and will bring with him a little wooden church well stocked with miracles. He will not be scandalized by the nudity, or ever talk in a master's voice. The maroons will provide him with a house and wife. They will get him a saintly female, Catalina, so that in the other world God will not wed him to an ass and so that they may enjoy this world together while they are in it.

(108 and 120)

(Continues...)

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Excerpted from Faces and Masks by Eduardo Galeano, Cedric Belfrage. Copyright © 1984 Eduardo Galeano. Excerpted by permission of Open Road Integrated Media, Inc..
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.

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Table of Contents

• Contents
• Preface
• Epigraph
• Promise of America
• 1701: Salinas Valley The Skin of God
• 1701: Sāo Salvador de Bahia Voice of America
• 1701: Paris Temptation of America
  • Sentinel of America
• 1701: Ouro Prêto Conjuring Tricks
• 1703: Lisbon Gold, Passenger in Transit
• 1709: The Juan Fernández Islands Robinson Crusoe
• 1711: Paramaribo The Silent Women
  • They Carry Life in Their Hair
  • The Maroon
• 1711: Murrí They Are Never Alone
• 1711: Saint Basil’s Refuge The Black King, the White Saint, and His Sainted Wife
  • The Maríapalito
• 1712: Santa Marta From Piracy to Contraband
• 1714: Ouro Prêto The Mine Doctor
• 1714: Vila Nova do Príncipe Jacinta
• 1716: Potosí Holguín
• 1716: Cuzco The Image Makers
  • Mary, Mother Earth
  • Pachamama
  • Mermaids
• 1717: Quebec The Man Who Didn’t Believe in Winter
• 1717: Dupas Island The Founders
  • Portrait of the Indians
  • Songs of the Chippewa Indians in the Great Lakes Region
• 1718: Sāo José del Rei The Pillory
• 1719: Potosí The Plague
• 1721: Zacatecas To Eat God
  • If You Inadvertently Lose Your Soul
• 1726: Montevideo Bay Montevideo
• 1733: Ouro Prêto Fiestas
• 1736: Saint John’s, Antigua Flare-ups
• 1738: Trelawny Town Cudjoe
• 1739: New Nanny Town Nanny
  • Pilgrimage in Jamaica
• 1742: Juan Fernández Islands Anson
• 1753: Sierra Leone River Let Us Praise the Lord
• 1758: Cap Français Macandal
• 1761: Cisteil Canek
• 1761: Merida Fragments
• 1761: Cisteil Sacred Corn
• 1763: Buraco de Tatú The Subversives Set a Bad Example
  • Communion
  • Bahia Portrait
  • Your Other Head, Your Other Memory
• 1763: Rio de Janeiro Here
• 1763: Tijuco The World Inside a Diamond
• 1763: Havana Progress
  • The Slaves Believe:
  • The Ceiba Tree
  • The Royal Palm
• 1766: The Fields of Areco The Wild Horses
• 1767: Misiones The Story of Seven Villages
• 1767: Misiones The Expulsion of the Jesuits
• 1767: Misiones They Won’t Let Their Tongues Be Torn Out
• 1769: London The First Novel Written in America
  • Indians and Dreams in the Novel of Frances Brooke
• 1769: Lima Viceroy Amat
• 1769: Lima La Perricholi
  • The Snack Clock
• 1771: Madrid Royal Summit
• 1771: Paris The Age of Enlightenment
• 1771: Paris The Physiocrats
• 1771: Paris The Minister of Colonies Explains Why Mulattos Should Not Be Freed from Their Congenital “State of Humiliation”
• 1772: Cap Français France’s Richest Colony
• 1772: Léogane Zabeth
• 1773: San Mateo Huitzilopochco The Strength of Things
• 1774: San Andres ltzapan Dominus Vobiscum
• 1775: Guatemala City Sacraments
• 1775: Huehuetenango Trees that Know, Bleed, Talk
• 1775: Gado-Saby Bonny
• 1776: Cape Coast Castle Alchemists of the African Slave Trade
• 1776: Pennsylvania Paine
• 1776: Philadelphia The United States
• 1776: Monticello Jefferson
• 1777: Paris Franklin
  • If He Had Been Born a Woman
• 1778: Philadelphia Washington
• 1780: Bologna Clavijero Defends the Accursed Lands
• 1780: Sangarara America Burns from Mountains to Sea
• 1780: Tungasuca Túpac Amaru II
• 1780: Pomacanchi The Workshop Is an Enormous Ship
  • A Colonial Poem: If the Indians Triumph …
• 1781: Bogotá The Commoners
• 1781: Támara The Plainsmen
• 1781: Zipaquirá Galán ‘
  • Popular Ballad of the Commoners
• 1781: Cuzco The Center of the Earth, the House of the Gods
• 1781: Cuzco Dust and Sorrow Are the Roads of Peru
• 1781: Cuzco Sacramental Ceremony in the Torture Chamber
• 1781: Cuzco Areche’s Order Against Inca Dress and to Make Indians Speak Spanish
• 1781: Cuzco Micaela
• 1781: Cuzco Sacred Rain
  • The Indians Believe:
  • The Indians Dance to the Glory of Paradise
• 1781: Chincheros Pumacahua
• 1781: La Paz Tupac Catari
• 1782: La Paz Rebel Women
• 1782: Guaduas With Glassy Eyes,
• 1782: Sicuani This Accursed Name
• 1783: Panama City For Love of Death
• 1783: Madrid The Human Hand Vindicated
• 1785: Mexico City Lawyer Villarroel Against the Pulque Saloon
  • The Pulque Saloon
  • Pulque
  • The Maguey
  • The Mug
• 1785: Mexico City Fiction in the Colonial Era
• 1785: Guanajuato The Wind Blows Where It Wants
• 1785: Guanajuato Silver Portrait
• 1785: Lisbon The Colonial Function
• 1785: Versailles The Potato Becomes a Great Lady
  • The Potato Was Born of Love and Punishment, As They Tell It in the Andes
• 1790: Parti Humboldt
• 1790: Petit Goâve The Missing Magic
• 1791: Bois Caiman The Conspirators of Haiti
  • Haitian Love Song
• 1792: Rio de Janeiro The Conspirators of Brazil
• 1792: Rio de Janeiro Tooth-Puller
• 1794: Paris “The remedy for man is man,”
• 1795: Mountains of Haiti Toussaint
• 1795: Santo Domingo The Island Burned
• 1795: Quito Espejo
  • Espejo Mocks the Oratory of These Times
• 1795: Montego Bay Instruments of War
• 1795: Havana Did the Gallilean Rebel Imagine He Would Be a Slave Overseer?
• 1796: Ouro Prêto El Aleijadinho
• 1796: Mariana Ataíde
• 1796: Sāo Salvador de Bahiā Night and Snow
• 1796: Caracas White Skin For Sale
• 1796: San Mateo Simón Rodríguez
• 1797: La Guaira The Compass and the Square
• 1799: London Miranda
  • Miranda Dreams of Catherine of Russia
• 1799: Cumaná Two Wise Men on a Mule
• 1799: Montevideo Father of the Poor
• 1799: Guanajuato Life, Passion, and Business of the Ruling Class
• 1799: Royal City of Chiapas The Tamemes
• 1799: Madrid Fernando Túpac Amaru
• 1800: Apure River To the Orinoco
• 1800: Esmeralda del Orinoco Master of Poison
  • Curare
• 1800: Uruana Forever Earth
• 1801: Lake Guatavita The Goddess at the Bottom of the Waters
• 1801: Bogotá Mutis
• 1802: The Caribbean Sea Napoleon Restores Slavery
• 1802: Pointe-à-Pitre They Were Indignant
• 1802: Chimborazo Volcano On the Roofs of the World
• 1803. Fort Dauphin The Island Burned Again
• 1804: Mexico City Spain’s Richest Colony
• 1804: Madrid The Attorney General of the Council of the Indies advises against overdoing the sale of whiteness certificates,
• 1804: Catamarca Ambrosio’s Sin
• 1804: Paris Napoleon
• 1804: Seville Fray Servando
• 1806: Island of Trinidad Adventures, Misadventures
• 1808: Rio de Janeiro Judas-Burning Is Banned
• 1809: Chuquisaca The Cry
• 1810: Atotonilco The Virgin of Guadalupe Versus the Virgin of Remedios
• 1810: Guanajuato El Pípila
• 1810: Guadalajara Hidalgo
• 1810: Pie de la Cuesta Morelos
• 1811: Buenos Aires Moreno
• 1811: Buenos Aires Castelli
• 1811: Bogotá Nariño
  • The World Upside Down, Verses for Guitar Accompanied by Singer
• 1811: Chilapa Potbelly
• 1811: East Bank Ranges “Nobody is more than anybody,”
• 1811: Banks of the Uruguay River Exodus
• 1812: Cochabamba Women
• 1812: Caracas Bolivar
• 1813: Chilpancingo Independence is Revolution or a Lie
• 1814: San Mateo Boves
• 1815: San Cristóbal Ecatepec The Lake Comes For Him
• 1815: Paris Navigators of Seas and Libraries
• 1815: Mérida, Yucatan Ferdinand VII
• 1815: Curuzú-Cuatiá The Hides Cycle on the River Plata
• 1815: Buenos Aires The Bluebloods Seek a King in Europe HO
• 1815: Purification Camp Artigas
• 1816: East Bank Ranges Agrarian Reform
• 1816: Chicote Hill The Art of War
• 1816: Tarabuco Juana Azurduy,
• 1816: Port-au-Prince Pétion
• 1816: Mexico City El Periquillo Sarniento
• 1817: Santiago de Chile The Devil at Work
• 1817: Santiago de Chile Manuel Rodriguez
• 1817: Montevideo Images for an Epic
• 1817: Quito Manuela Saenz
• 1818: Colonia Camp The War of the Underdogs
• 1818: Corrientes Andresito
• 1818: Paraná River The Patriot Pirates
• 1818: San Fernando de Apure War to the Death
• 1819: Angostura Abecedarium: The Constituent Assembly
• 1820: Boquerón Pass Finale
  • You
• 1821: Camp Laurelty Saint Balthazar, Black King, Greatest Sage
• 1821: Carabobo Páez
• 1822: Guayaquil San Martin
• 1822: Buenos Aires Songbird
• 1822: Rio de Janeiro Traffic Gone Mad
• 1822: Quito Twelve Nymphs Stand Guard in the Main Plaza
• 1823: Lima Swollen Hands from So Much Applauding
• 1824: Lima In Spite of Everything
• 1824: Montevideo City Chronicles from a Barber’s Chair
• 1824: Plain of Junín The Silent Battle
• 1825: La Paz Bolivia
• 1825: Potosí Abecedarium: The Hero at the Peak
• 1825: Potosí England Is Owed a Potosí
  • The Curse of the Silver Mountain
• 1826: Chuquisaca Bolivar and the Indians
• 1826: Chuquisaca Cursed Be the Creative Imagination
  • The Ideas of Simon Rodriguez: Teaching How to Think
• 1826: Buenos Aires Rivadavia
• 1826: Panama Lonely Countries
• 1826: London Canning
• 1828: Bogotá Here They Hate Her
• 1828: Bogota From Manuela Sáenz’s Letter to Her Husband James Thome
• 1829: Corrientes Bonpland
• 1829: Asunción, Paraguay Francia the Supreme
• 1829: Rio de Janeiro The Snowball of External Debt
• 1830: Magdalena River The Boat Goes Down to the Sea
• 1830: Maracaibo The Governor Proclaims:
• 1830: La Guaira Divide et Impera
• 1830: Montevideo Abecedarium: The Oath of the Constitution
• 1830: Montevideo Fatherland or Grave
• 1832: Santiago de Chile National Industry
  • Street Cries in the Santiago de Chile Market
• 1833: Arequipa Llamas
• 1833: San Vicente Aquino
• 1834: Paris Tacuabé
• 1834: Mexico City Loving Is Giving
• 1835: Galapagos Islands Darwin
• 1835: Columbia Texas
• 1836: San Jacinto The Free World Grows
• 1836: The Alamo Portraits of the Frontier Hero
• 1836: Hartford The Colt
• 1837: Guatemala Morazán
• 1838: Buenos Aires Rosas
• 1838: Buenos Aires The Slaughterhouse
  • More on Cannibalism in America
• 1838: Tegucigalpa Central America Breaks to Pieces
• 1839: Copán A Sacred City is Sold for Fifty Dollars
• 1839: Havana The Drum Talks Dangerously
• 1839: Havana Classified Ads
• 1839: Valparaíso The Illuminator
• 1839: Veracruz “For God’s Sake, a Husband, Be He Old, One-Armed, or Crippled”
• 1840: Mexico City Masquerade
  • Mexican High Society: Introduction to a Visit
  • A Day of Street Cries in Mexico City
  • Mexican High Society: The Doctor Says Goodbye
• 1840: Mexico City A Nun Begins Convent Life
• 1842: San José, Costa Rica Though Time Forget You, This Land Will Not
• 1844: Mexico City The Warrior Cocks
• 1844: Mexico City Santa Anna
• 1845: Vuelta de Obligado The Invasion of the Merchants
• 1847: Mexico City The Conquest
• 1848: Villa of Guadalupe Hidalgo The Conquistadors
• 1848: Mexico City The Irishmen
• 1848: Ibiray An Old Man in a White Poncho in a House of Red Stone
  • José Artigas, According to Domingo Faustino Sarmiento
• 1848: Buenos Aires The Lovers (I)
  • The Lovers (II)
• 1848: Holy Places The Lovers (III)
• 1848: Bacalar Cecilio Chi
• 1849: Shores of the Platte River A Horseman Called Smallpox
• 1849: San Francisco The Gold of California
• 1849: El Molino They Were Here
  • Ashes
• 1849: Baltimore Poe
• 1849: San Francisco Levi’s Pants
• 1850: Son Francisco The Road to Development
• 1850: Buenos Aires The Road to Underdevelopment: The Thought of Domingo Faustino Sarmiento
• 1850: River Plata Buenos Aires and Montevideo at Mid-Century
• 1850: Paris Dumas
• 1850: Montevide Lautréamont at Four
• 1850: Chan Santa Cruz The Talking Cross
• 1851: Latacunga “I Wander at Random and Naked …”
  • The Ideas of Simón Rodríguez: “Either We Invent or We Are Lost”
• 1851: La Serena The Precursors
• 1852: Santiago de Chile “What has independence meant to the poor?” the Chilean Santiago Arcos asks himself in jail.
  • The People of Chile Sing to the Glory of Paradise
• 1852: Mendoza The Lines of the Hand
• 1853: La Cruz The Treasure of the Jesuits
• 1853: Paita The Three
• 1854: Amotape A Witness Describes Simon Rodriguez’s Farewell to the World
• 1855: New York Whitman
• 1855: New York Melville
• 1855: Washington Territory “You people will suffocate in your own waste,” warns Indian Chief Seattle.
  • The Far West
• 1856: Granada Walker
• 1856: Granada Stood
  • Walker: “In Defense of Slavery”
• 1858: Source of the Gila River The Sacred Lands of the Apaches
• 1858: Kaskiyeh Geronimo
• 1858: San Borja Let Death Die
• 1860: Chan Santa Cruz The Ceremonial Center of the Yucatan Rebels
• 1860: Havana Poet in Crisis
• 1861: Havana Sugar Hands
  • Sugar Language
• 1861: Bull Run Grays Against Blues
• 1862: Fredericksburg The Pencil of War
• 1863: Mexico City “The American Algeria”
• 1863: London Marx
• 1865: La Paz Belzu
  • From a Speech by Belzu to the Bolivian People
• 1865: La Paz Melgarejo
• 1865: La Paz The Shortest Coup d’État in History
• 1865: Appomattox General Lee Surrenders His Ruby Sword
• 1865: Washington Lincoln
• 1865: Washington Homage
• 1865: Buenos Aires Triple Infamy
• 1865: Buenos Aires The Alliance Woven of Spider-Spittle
• 1865: San José Urquiza
• 1866: Curupaytí Mitre
• 1866: Curupaytí The Paintbrush of War
• 1867: Catamarca Plains Felipe Varela
• 1867: Plains of La Rioja Torture
• 1867: La Paz On Diplomacy, the Science of International Relations
  • Inscriptions on a Rock in the Atacama Desert
• 1867: Bogota A Novel Called María
• 1867: Querétaro Maximilian
• 1867: Paris To Be or to Copy, That Is the Question
  • Song of the Poor in Ecuador
• 1869: Mexico City Juárez
• 1869: San Cristóbal de Las Casas Neither Earth nor Time Is Dumb
• 1869: Mexico City Juárez and the Indians
• 1869: London Lafargue
• 1869: Acosta Ñú Paraguay Falls, Trampled Under Horses’ Hooves
• 1870. Mount Corá Solano López
• 1870: Mount Corá Elisa Lynch
  • Guaraní
• 1870: Buenos Aires Sarmiento
• 1870: Rio de Janeiro A Thousand Candelabra Proliferate in the Mirrors
• 1870: Rio de Janeiro Mauà
• 1870: Vassouras The Coffee Barons
• 1870: Sāo Paulo Nabuco
• 1870: Buenos Aires The North Barrio
• 1870: Paris Lautréamont at Twenty-Four
• 1871: Lima Juana Sánchez
• 1873: Camp Tempú The Mambises
• 1875: Mexico City Martí
• 1875: Fort Sill The Last Buffalos of the South
  • Into the Beyond
• 1876: Little Big Horn Sitting Bull
• 1876: Little Big Horn Black Elk
• 1876: Little Big Horn Custer
• 1876: War Bonnet Creek Buffalo Bill
• 1876: Mexico City Departure
• 1877: Guatemala City The Civilizer
• 1879: Mexico City The Socialists and the Indians
• 1879: Choele-Choel Island The Remington Method
• 1879: Buenos Aires Martín Fierro and the Twilight of the Gaucho
• 1879: Port-au-Prince Maceo
• 1879: Chinchas Islands Guano
• 1879: Atacama and Tarapacá Deserts Saltpeter
• 1880: Lima The Chinese
• 1880: London In Defense of Indolence
• 1881: Lincoln City Billy the Kid
• 1882: Saint Joseph Jesse James
• 1882: Prairies of Oklahoma Twilight of the Cowboy
• 1882: New York You Too Can Succeed in Life
• 1882: New York The Creation According to John D. Rockefeller
• 1883: Bismarck City The Last Bufelos of the North
• 1884: Santiago de Chile The Wizard of Finance Eats Soldier Meat
• 1884: Huancayo The Fatherland Pays
• 1885: Lima “The trouble comes from the top,” says Manuel Gonzalez Prada.
• 1885: Mexico City “All belongs to all,”
• 1885: Colon Prestán
• 1886: Chivilcoy The Circus
• 1886: Atlanta Coca-Cola
• 1887: Chicago Every May First They Will Live Again
• 1889: London North
• 1889: Montevideo Football
• 1890: River Plata Comrades
• 1890: Buenos Aires Tenements
  • Man Alone
  • Tangoing
• 1890: Hartford Mark Twain
• 1890: Wounded Knee Wind of Snow
  • Prophetic Song of the Sioux
• 1891: Santiago de Chile Balmaceda
• 1891: Washington The Other America
• 1891: New York The Thinking Begins to Be Ours, Believes José Martí
• 1891: Guanajuato 34 Cantarranas Street. Instant Photography
• 1891: Purísima del Rincón Lives
• 1892: Paris The Canal Scandal
• 1892: San José, Costa Rica Prophesy of a Young Nicaraguan Poet Named Rubén Darío
• 1893: Canudos Antonio Conselheiro
• 1895: Key West Freedom Travels in a Cigar
• 1895: Playitas The Landing
• 1895: Arroyo Hondo In the Sierra
• 1895: Dos Rios Campo Martí’s Testament
• 1895: Niquinohomo His Name Will Be Sandino
• 1896: Port-au-Prince Disguises
• 1896: Boca de Dos Rios Requiem
• 1896: Papeete Flora Tristán
• 1896: Bogotá José Asunción Silva
• 1896: Manaos The Tree That Weeps Milk
• 1896: Manaos The Golden Age of Rubber
• 1897: Canudos Euclides da Cunha
• 1897: Canudos The Dead Contain More Bullets Than Bones
• 1897: Rio de Janeiro Machado de Assís
• 1898: Coasts of Cuba This Fruit Is Ready to Fall
• 1898: Washington Ten Thousand Lynchings
• 1898: San Juan Hill Teddy Roosevelt
• 1898: Coasts of Puerto Rico This Fruit Is Falling
• 1898: Washington President McKinley Explains That the United States Should Keep the Philippines by Direct Order of God
• 1899. New York Mark Twain Proposes Changing the Flag
• 1899: Rome Calamity Jane
• 1899: Rome The Nascent Empire Flexes Its Muscles
• 1899: Saint Louis Far Away
• 1899: Rio de Janeiro How to Cure by Killing
• 1900: Huanuni Patiño
• 1900: Mexico City Posada
• 1900: Mexico City Porfirio Díaz
• 1900: Mexico City The Flores Magón Brothers
• 1900: Merida, Yucatán Henequén
  • From the Mexican Corrido of the Twenty-Eighth Battalion
• 1900: Tabi The Iron Serpent
  • The Prophet
• The Sources
• Index
• Preview: Century of the Wind
• Acknowledgments
• Translator’s Acknowledgment
• About the Author
• About the Translator