Table of Contents
Foreword xi
1 Face and interaction Michael Haugh 1
1.1 The rise of face in research on communication and social interaction 1
1.2 Face as co-constituted in and constitutive of interaction 5
1.3 Overview of the volume 16
Part I Face in interaction
2 Face as emergent in interpersonal communication: an alternative to Goffman Robert B. Arundale 33
2.1 Goffman's conceptualisations of face and facework 34
2.2 Problems in Goffman's explanation 37
2.3 An alternative explanation of face and facework 40
2.4 Two contrasting explanations of facework 46
A Goffmanian account 47
An account using Face Constituting Theory 49
On Goffman on face 51
3 How to get rid of a telemarking agent? Facework strategies in an intercultural service call Rosina Marquez-Reiter 55
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 The notions of face and facework 57
3.3 Methods and background 61
3.4 Analysis 62
3.5 Discussion 70
3.6 Conclusion 72
4 Analysing Japanese 'face-in-interaction': insights from intercultural business meetings Michael Haugh Yasuhisa Watanabe 78
4.1 Introduction 78
4.2 Face in Japanese 79
4.3 Methodology 81
4.4 Finding face in intercultural business meetings 83
4.5 Implications 91
5 "That's a myth": Linguistic avoidance as face-saving strategy in broadcast interviews Eric Anchimbe 96
5.1 Introduction 96
5.2 The data 98
5.3 The 'double-face' of the media 99
5.4 Approaches to political interviews and face-saving 100
5.5 Linguistic avoidance and related concepts 102
5.6 Linguistic avoidance as political face-saving strategy 103
Valence strategy: from negative to less negative or positive connotation 104
Generalisation strategy: from clearconcept or reference to vague ones 105
Specificity strategy: from a general concept to a specific one 107
Correction strategy: from an earlier (misunderstood) position to a new (intended) one 108
Non-committal strategy: avoiding making binding commitments 109
Evidentiality strategy: shifting authorship to a third party 110
5.7 Conclusion 111
6 Two sides of the same coin: how the notion of 'face' is encoded in Persian communication Sofia A. Koutlaki 115
6.1 Introduction 115
6.2 The concept of face in the literature 116
6.3 Face in Iranian culture 117
6.4 The principles of Persian politeness 120
The Deference Principle 120
The Humility Principle 123
The Cordiality Principle 124
6.5 Conclusion 130
Part II Face, identity and self
7 Face, identity and interactional goals Helen Spencer-Oatey 137
7.1 Introduction 137
7.2 Theories of identity 138
Self-aspect/attribute approaches to identity 138
Impression management and self-presentation 140
Face and identity 141
7.3 Research procedure 142
The business background 142
The data and data collection 143
The participants 144
7.4 An action-oriented identity approach to the analysis of face 144
Face and self-presentation 145
Face and identity attributes 147
Face and interactional goals 149
7.5 Research implications 152
7.6 Concluding comments 152
8 Evoking face in self and other presentation in Turkish Sukriye Ruhi 155
8.1 Introduction 155
8.2 Face as 'social frame' and self-presentation 156
Pinning down face 156
Self-presentation 159
8.3 Data collection and 'face' idioms in Turkish 161
8.4 Self-presentation and other-presentation 163
'Face' idioms in self-presentation 163
'Face' idioms in other-presentation 166
Face, self-presentation and affect 170
8.5 Concluding remarks 171
9 Face and self in Chinese communication Ge Gao 175
9.1 Introduction 175
9.2 Data 176
9.3 Findings and discussion 177
Mian zi and the Chinese self 177
Mian zi and context 179
Differences between mian zi and lian 179
Giving and saving/leaving mian zi 183
9.4 Conclusion 187
10 Face, politeness and interpersonal variables: implications for language production and comprehension Thomas Holtgraves 192
10.1 Face and facework 192
10.2 Facework and linguistic politeness 193
10.3 Facework and interpersonal variables 195
Person perception and impression management 196
Facework and language comprehension 198
10.4 Individual and cultural differences 200
10.5 Conclusion 203
11 In the face of the other: between Goffman and Levinas Alexander Kozin 208
11.1 Introduction 208
11.2 Saving the face 211
11.3 The face of ambiguity 216
11.4 Trauma's many faces 220
11.5 Conclusion 221
Part III Face, norms and society
12 Facework collision in intercultural communication Stella Ting-Toomey 227
12.1 Intercultural facework approaches 228
Conflict face-negotiation theory 228
Corporate values' cultural grid 231
12.2 Intercultural facework: expectancies and collisions 235
A case study: a motivational or de-motivational speech? 236
Intercultural facework: expectancy analysis 237
Intercultural facework: interaction collision analysis 238
12.3 Intercultural facework expectancies: research directions 242
Intercultural facework situations 243
Intercultural facework negotiation 243
Intercultural facework competence 244
13 Face in the holistic and relativistic society Tae-Seop Lim 250
13.1 Introduction 250
13.2 The holistic worldview and cognitive relativity 251
13.3 Characteristics of face and facework in the holistic and relativistic society 252
Face is pervasive 253
Face is holistically assessed 261
Face is public 262
Facework is global and long-term 264
Face is relative and complementary 266
14 Finding face between gemeinschaft and gesellschaft: Greek perceptions of the in-group Marina Terkourafi 269
14.1 Introducing the players 269
Face at different levels of abstraction 269
From Face2 to Face1: Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft as mediating Discourses 271
14.2 Face and the interplay between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft 275
Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft elements in contemporary Greek society 276
Some examples of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft elements in Modern Greek 279
14.3 Concluding remarks 283
15 Significance of 'face' and politeness in social interaction as revealed through Thai 'face' idioms Margaret Ukosakul 289
15.1 Introduction 289
15.2 The Thai concept of 'face' 290
15.3 The relationship of face to shame 292
15.4 The relationship of face to politeness 293
15.5 Politeness strategies 294
15.6 Shame as the effect of loss of 'face' 298
Offending event(s) 299
Loss of honour 300
Behavioural reaction 301
Recovering honour 302
Preservation of honour 302
Deviations from the norm 303
15.7 Conclusion 304
16 Facing the future: some reflections Francesca Bargiela-Chiappini 307
16.1 Facing the future: some reflections 307
16.2 'Culture' as a determinant of face? A concept lost in debate 309
16.3 Face and understanding the 'other': an interpretative dialogue 315
16.4 Facing the 'Other': a methodological note 318
Contributors 328
Transcription conventions 329
Index 330
