Essentials of Environmental Engineering

by Frank R. Spellman

Overview

Essentials of Environmental Engineering is designed for use in an introductory university undergrad course. This book introduces environmental engineering as a profession applying science and math theories to describe and explore the relationship between environmental science and environmental engineering.

Environmental engineers work to sustain human existence by balancing human needs from impacts on the environment with the natural state of the environment. In the face of global pollution, diminishing natural resources, increased population growth (especially in disadvantaged countries), geopolitical warfare, global climate change (cyclical and/or human-caused), and other environmental problems, it is clear that we live in a world that is undergoing rapid ecological transformation. Because of these rapid changes, the role of environmental engineering has become increasingly prominent. Moreover, advances in technology have created a broad array of modern environmental issues. To mitigate these issues, we must capitalize on environmental protection and remediation opportunities presented by technology.

Essentials of Environmental Engineering addresses these very issues. It was written with the student in mind. Complex topics are explained in an easy-to understand format and style. Numerous examples are given and chapter review questions along with solutions are provided in the text.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9781641433693
Publisher:	Bernan Press
Publication date:	01/23/2020
Pages:	272
Product dimensions:	8.88(w) x 11.30(h) x 0.81(d)
Age Range:	18 Years

About the Author

Frank R. Spellman, PhD, is a retired assistant professor of environmental health at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, and the author of more than 100 books covering topics ranging from concentrated animal feeding operations (CAF's) to all areas of environmental science and occupational health. Many of his texts are readily available online, and several have been adopted for classroom use at major universities throughout the United States, Canada, Europe, and Russia; two have been translated into Spanish for South American markets

He holds a BA in public administration, a BS in business management, an MBA, and an MS and PhD in environmental engineering.

Table of Contents

Preface xi

Note to the Reader: Pardon My Redundancy, Please!

1 Setting the Stage

What Is Environment? 1

Environmental Equilibrium and the Fly in the Ointment 2

Pollution Defined 3

Key Terms 3

Pollution: Effects Easy to See, Feel, Taste, or Smell 14

Unexpected Pollution 15

Pollution and Environmental Engineering 15

Thought-Provoking Questions 16

References and Recommended Reading 17

2 Air Pollution 19

Definition of Key Terms 19

Definitions 19

Atmospheric Krypton 21

Krypton: Physical Properties 21

Krypton: Uses 21

Atmospheric Xenon 21

Xenon: Physical Properties 21

Xenon: Uses 21

Atmospheric Hydrogen 21

Hydrogen: Physical Properties 22

Atmospheric Water 22

Atmospheric Particulate Matter 22

Boyle’s Law 23

Charles’s Law 24

Ideal Gas Law 24

Gas Conversions 25

Major Constituents 25

Both Major and Minor Constituents 26

Gas Velocity 26

Gas Stream Treatment (Residence) Time 26

Gas Density 26

Heat Capacity and Enthalpy 27

Heat and Energy in the Atmosphere 27

Adiabatic Lapse Rate 27

Viscosity 28

Flow Characteristics 28

Surface Area and Volume 29

Aerodynamic Diameter 30

Particle Size Categories 30

Size Distribution 32

Particle Formation 32

Air Pollution Mechanics 33

Atmospheric Dispersion, Transportation and Deposition (EPA 2005) 34

Weather 35

Turbulence 35

Air Parcels 36

Buoyancy Factors 36

Lapse Rates 36

Mixing 37

Topography 37

Inversions 38

Plume Behavior 38

Plume Rise Equation 39

Transport 39

Dispersion Models 39

Air Pollution Control Technology 41

Air Pollution Control: Choices 41

Air Pollution Control Equipment and Systems 42

Removal of Dry Particulate Matter 43

Removal of Gaseous Pollutants: Stationary Sources 45

References and Recommended Reading 49



3Water Pollution 53

Surface Water 53

Lakes—Rivers and Streams—Estuaries—Wetlands 53

Surface Water Pollutants 54

Emerging Contaminants 55

Endocrine Disruptors 57

Biological Effects 58

Reproductive Effects 61

Neurological Effects 61

Immunological Effects 62

PPCPs 64

Pharmaceuticals in the Environment 66

Wastewater Treatment and PPCPs 72

Landfills 74

Drinking Water 75

Domestic Animals 75

Drug Classes and Environmental Occurrences 75

Personal Care Products in the Environment 82

Illicit Drugs in Wastewater 86

Surface Water Pollution: The Impact 87

Groundwater 87

Groundwater Uses and Sources 88

Wetlands 90

Water Treatment 91

Purpose of Water Treatment 91

Stages of Water Treatment 92

Iron and Manganese Removal Techniques 97

Hardness Treatment 98

Corrosion 100

Corrosion Control 101

Coagulation 103

Flocculation 105

Sedimentation 105

Filtration 105

Types of Filter Technologies 106

Filtration and Compliance with Turbidity Requirements 108

Additional Compliance Issues 109

Variances and Exemptions 112

Disinfection 112

Need for Disinfection in Water Treatment 113

Pathogens of Primary Concern 114

Recent Waterborne Disease Outbreaks 114

Mechanism of Pathogen Inactivation 116

Other Uses of Disinfectants in Water Treatment 116

Types of Disinfection Byproducts and Disinfection Residuals 119

Disinfection Byproduct Formation 120

DBP Control Strategies 122

Disinfection Strategy Selection 124

CT Factor 124

Disinfectant Residual Regulatory Requirements 124

Summary of Current National Disinfection Practices 125

Chlorination 126

Measuring Chlorine Residual 135

Pathogen Inactivation and Disinfection Efficacy 135

Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs) 137

Alternative Technologies 137

Iron Filings 139

Photooxidation 139

Wastewater Treatment 139

The Wastewater Treatment Model 140

Wastewater Terminology and Definitions 141

Measuring Plant Performance 143

Plant Performance and Efficiency 143

Percent Volatile Matter Reduction in Sludge 144

Hydraulic Detention Time 144

Hydraulic Detention Time in Days 144

Hydraulic Detention Time in Hours 144

Hydraulic Detention Time in Minutes 145

Wasterwater Sources and Characteristics 145

Wastewater Sources 145

Classification of Wastewater 146

Wastewater Characteristics 146

Wastewater Collection Systems 148

Gravity Collection System 148

Force Main Collection System 148

Vacuum System 148

Pumping Stations 148

Preliminary Wastewater Treatment 149

Screening 150

Shredding 152

Grit Removal 152

Preaeration 155

Chemical Addition 155

Equalization 155

Primary Wastewater Treatment (Sedimentation) 156

Types of Sedimentation Tanks 157

Sedimentation Calculations 157

Effluent from Settling Tanks 159

Secondary Treatment 160

Treatment Ponds 160

Trickling Filters 170

Rotating Biological Contactors (RBCs) 177

Activated Sludge 180

Activated Sludge Terminology 180

Activated Sludge Process 182

Factors Affecting Operation of the Activated Sludge Process 183

Microorganism Growth Curve 183

Activated Sludge Formation 184

Activated Sludge Modifications 185

Activated Sludge Process Control Parameters 190

Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids, Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids, and Mixed

Liquor Total Suspended Solids 191

Disinfection of Wastewater 191

Chlorine Disinfection 192

Wastewater Chlorination Process Description 193

Ultraviolet Irradiation 196

Ozone 198

Bromine Chloride 199

No Disinfection 199

References and Recommended Reading 199

4 Soil Quality 213

Introduction 214

Soil Properties 216

Soil Formation 217

Soil Fertility 218

Soil Pollution 218

Gaseous and Airborne Pollutants 219

Infiltration of Contaminated Surface Water 220

Land Disposal of Solid and Liquid Waste Materials 220

Stockpiles, Tailings, and Spoils 220

Dumps 220

Salt-Spreading on Roads 221

Animal Feedlots 221

Fertilizers and Pesticides 221

Accidental Spills 221

Composting of Leaves and Other Wastes 222

Industrial Practices and Soil Contamination 222

References and Recommended Reading 224

5Solid and Hazardous Waste 227

Solid Waste Characteristics 228

What Is a Hazardous Substance? 229

Hazardous Materials 230

Hazardous Substances 230

Extremely Hazardous Substances 230

Toxic Chemicals 230

Hazardous Wastes 230

Hazardous Chemicals 231

What Is a Hazardous Waste? 231

EPA Lists of Hazardous Wastes 231

Where Do Hazardous Wastes Come From? 232

Hazardous Waste Legislation 232

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 233

CERCLA 233

Waste Control Technology 234

Waste Minimalization 234

Steps to Recycling Materials 235

Treatment Technologies 236

Biological Treatment 236

Thermal Processes 237

Activated Carbon Sorption 237

Electrolytic Recovery Techniques 238

Air Stripping 238

Stabilization and Solidification 238

Filtration and Separation 238

Ultimate Disposal 238

Deep-Well Injection 239

Surface Impoundments 239

Waste Piles 240

Landfilling 240

Solid/Hazardous Waste Practice Problems 241

References and Recommended Reading 242

Index