eBook3rd, completely revised and extended Edition (3rd, completely revised and extended Edition)
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Overview
Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9783110665420 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | De Gruyter |
| Publication date: | 04/04/2022 |
| Series: | De Gruyter Textbook |
| Sold by: | Barnes & Noble |
| Format: | eBook |
| Pages: | 402 |
| File size: | 7 MB |
| Age Range: | 18 Years |
About the Author
Prof. Dr. Thierry Meyer received a diploma degree (MSc) in chemical engineering from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL) in 1986. He was awarded in 1989 a PhD at EPFL for his thesis on micromixing in highly viscous polymeric media. From 1989 until 1993, he worked in the Chemical Engineering Institute as senior scientist in the field of polymerization reactions. In 1994, he joined Ciba-Geigy SA in the pigment division as successively development chemist, head of development a.i. and finally production manager for high performance pigments. At the end of 1998, he returned to the Chemical Engineering Institute of the EPFL in Lausanne and was appointed "maître d'enseignement et de recherche" (MER) to lead a new research group in the field of polymers and supercritical fluids, and to teach in the fields of process development, introduction to chemical engineering, polymer and organic chemistry at bachelor and master levels to chemists, chemical engineers and material science students. In 2005, he took on the responsibility of the occupational health and safety service of the school of basic sciences on top of his research activities dealing with risk management and supercritical fluids. He is presently teaching introduction to chemical engineering at bachelor level, risk management at master level and specific courses on safety aspects in research activities. He is also active as adviser and expert in risk assessment and chemical engineering matters for the ICC (International Chamber of Commerce) of the World Business Organization, as well as for several assessment companies and for major and SME's chemical industries. Thierry Meyer is currently member of several international associations of the European Federation of Chemical Engineering and American Chemical Society. He was chairman of the European Working Party on Polymer Reaction Engineering from 2001 to 2006. He is member of several editorial boards: Chemical Engineering Research and Design, Macromolecular Reaction Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Technology.
Prof Dr. Genserik Reniers obtained a Master's degree in chemical engineering at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel and received his PhD in Applied Economic Sciences from the University of Antwerp. He lectures amongst others in chemistry, organic chemistry, chemical process technology, and Technological Risk Management at TU Delft and the University of Antwerp. He is also visiting professor of Security Management at the Antwerp Management School, Risk Management at ITMMA, and Risk Analysis in a Postgraduate Disaster Management at VESTA. At the Hogeschool-Universiteit Brussel in Brussels he lectures in prevention management, advanced occupational health and safety management and chemical processes/unit operations. His main research interests concern the collaboration surrounding safety and security topics and socio-economic optimization within the chemical industry. He coordinates the Antwerp Research Group on Safety and Security, unifying multi-disciplinary safety and security research at the University of Antwerp. He has extensive experience in leading research projects funded both by the Belgian government and the chemical industry.
Table of Contents
About the authors v
1 Risk management is not only a matter of financial risk 1
References 7
2 Introduction to engineering and managing risks 9
2.1 Managing risks and uncertainties: an introduction 9
2.2 The complexity of risks and uncertainties 13
2.3 Hazards and risks 17
2.4 Simplified interpretation of (negative) risk 19
2.5 Hazard and risk mapping 23
2.6 Risk perception and risk attitude 25
2.7 ERM: main steps 28
2.8 Objectives and importance of ERM 33
2.9 The black swan (type III events) 35
2.10 Risk management and education 38
2.11 Tips for managing risks 39
2.12 Conclusions 40
References 40
3 Risk management principles 43
3.1 Introduction to risk management 43
3.2 Integrated risk management 45
3.3 Risk management models 47
3.3.1 Model of the accident pyramid 48
3.3.2 The P2T model 52
3.3.3 The Swiss cheese model and the domino theory 53
3.4 The anatomy of an accident: SIFs and SILs 55
3.5 Individual risk, societal risk, physical description of risk 62
3.5.1 Location-based (individual) risk 62
3.5.2 Societal risk or so-called Group Risk 65
3.5.3 Physical description of risk 68
3.5.3.1 Static model of an accident 70
3.5.3.2 Dynamic model of an accident 70
3.6 Safety culture and safety climate 73
3.6.1 Organizational culture and climate 73
3.6.2 Safety culture models 74
3.6.3 The P2T model revisited and applied to safety and security culture 78
3.6.4 The Egg Aggregated Model of safety culture 80
3.7 Strategic management concerning risks and continuous improvement 84
3.8 The IDEAL S&S model 86
3.8.1 Performance indicators 92
3.9 Continuous improvement of organizational culture 97
3.10 High reliability organizations and systemic risks 98
3.10.1 Systems thinking 98
3.10.1.1 Reaction time or retardant effect 98
3.10.1.2 Law of communicating vessels 99
3.10.1.3 Nonlinear causalities 99
3.10.1.4 Long-term vision 99
3.10.1.5 Systems thinking conclusions 99
3.10.2 Normal accident theory and high reliability theory 100
3.10.3 High reliability organization principles 102
3.10.3.1 HRO principle 1: targeted at disturbances 103
3.10.3.2 HRO principle 2: reluctant for simplification 104
3.10.3.3 HRO principle 3: sensitive toward implementation 104
3.10.3.4 HRO principle 4: devoted to resiliency 104
3.10.3.5 HRO principle 5: respectful for expertise 105
3.10.4 Risk and reliability 105
3.11 Accident reporting 107
3.12 Conclusions 108
References 109
4 Risk diagnostic and analysis 113
4.1 Introduction to risk assessment techniques 113
4.1.1 Inductive and deductive approaches 114
4.1.2 General methods for risk analysis 115
4.1.3 General procedure 123
4.1.4 General process for all analysis techniques 124
4.2 SWOT 125
4.3 Preliminary hazard analysis 127
4.4 Checklist 130
4.4.1 Methodology 131
4.4.2 Example 132
4.4.2.1 Step la: critical difference, effect of energy failures 132
4.4.2.2 Step lb: critical difference, deviation from the operating procedure 133
4.4.2.3 Step 2: establish the risk catalogue 133
4.4.2.4 Step 3: risk mitigation 133
4.4.3 Conclusion 134
4.5 HAZOP 135
4.5.1 HAZOP inputs and outputs 135
4.5.2 HAZOP process 136
4.5.3 Example 137
4.5.4 Conclusions 137
4.6 FMECA 141
4.6.1 FMECA inputs and outputs 144
4.6.2 FMECA process 144
4.6.2.1 Step 1: elaboration of the hierarchical model, functional analysis 145
4.6.2.2 Step 2: failure mode determination 146
4.6.2.3 Step 3: the critically determination 148
4.6.3 Example 149
4.6.4 Conclusions 149
4.7 Fault tree analysis and event tree analysis 152
4.7.1 Fault tree analysis 152
4.7.2 Event tree analysis 156
4.7.3 Cause-consequence analysis (CCA) and bowtie, a combination of FTA and ETA 161
4.8 The risk matrix 162
4.9 Quantitative risk assessment (QRA) 169
4.10 Layer of protection analysis (LOPA) 172
4.11 Bayesian networks (BNs) 175
4.12 Functional resonance analysis method (FRAM) 179
4.13 Tips for using risk diagnostic tools 180
4.14 Conclusion 181
References 182
5 Risk treatment/reduction 185
5.1 Introduction 185
5.2 Prevention 191
5.2.1 Seveso Directive as prevention means for chemical plants 192
5.2.2 Seveso company tiers 196
5.3 Protection and mitigation 198
5.4 Risk treatment methodology 201
5.5 Risk control 207
5.6 STOP principle 209
5.7 Resilience 213
5.8 Tips for implementing risk reduction 218
5.9 Conclusion 219
References 220
6 Event analysis 223
6.1 Traditional analytical techniques 224
6.1.1 Sequence of events 225
6.1.2 Multilinear events sequencing 225
6.1.3 Root cause analysis 226
6.2 Causal tree analysis 227
6.2.1 Method description 228
6.2.2 Collecting facts 229
6.2.3 Event investigation good practice 231
6.2.4 Building the tree 232
6.2.5 Example 235
6.2.6 Building an action plan 236
6.2.7 Implementing solutions and follow-up 237
6.3 AcciMap technique 238
6.4 Organizational learning 238
6.5 Conclusions 240
References 241
7 Major industrial accidents and learning from accidents 243
7.1 Link between major accidents and legislation 243
7.2 Major industrial accidents: examples 246
7.2.1 Feyzin, France, January 1966 246
7.2.2 Flixborough, UK, June 1974 247
7.2.3 Seveso, Italy, July 1976 248
7.2.4 Los Alfaques, Spain, July 1978 248
7.2.5 Mexico City, Mexico, November 1984 249
7.2.6 Bhopal, India, December 1984 249
7.2.7 Chernobyl, Ukraine, April 1986 250
7.2.8 Piper Alpha, North Sea, July 1988 250
7.2.9 Pasadena, Texas, USA, October 1989 251
7.2.10 Enschede, the Netherlands, May 2000 251
7.2.11 Toulouse, France, September 2001 252
7.2.12 Ath, Belgium, July 2004 252
7.2.13 Houston, Texas, USA, March 2005 252
7.2.14 St Louis, Missouri, USA, June 2005 253
7.2.15 Buncefield, UK, December 2005 253
7.2.16 Port Wenworth, Georgia, USA, February 2008 254
7.2.17 Deepwater Horizon, Gulf of Mexico, April 2010 254
7.2.18 Fukushima, Japan, March 2011 254
7.2.19 West, Texas, USA, April 2013 255
7.2.20 La Porte, Texas, USA, November 2014 255
7.2.21 Tianjin, China, August 2015 256
7.2.22 Cambria, USA, May 2017 256
7.2.23 Tangerang, Indonesia, October 2017 257
7.2.24 Sichuan, China, July 2018 257
7.2.25 Yancheng, China, March 2019 257
7.2.26 Chicago, USA, May 2019 258
7.2.27 Abqaiq-Khurais attack, Saudi Arabia, September 2019 258
7.3 Learning from accidents 258
7.4 Finding problems 261
7.5 Conclusions 262
References 263
8 Crisis management 265
8.1 Introduction 266
8.2 The steps of crisis management 268
8.2.1 What to do when a disruption occurs 270
8.2.2 Business continuity plan 274
8.3 Crisis evolution 277
8.3.1 The pre-crisis stage or creeping crisis 278
8.3.2 The acute-crisis stage 278
8.3.3 The post-crisis stage 278
8.3.4 Illustrative example of a crisis evolution 279
8.4 Proactive or reactive crisis management 281
8.5 Crisis communication 282
8.6 Tips for implementing a crisis management 285
8.7 Conclusions 286
References 286
9 Economic issues of safety 287
9.1 Accident costs and hypothetical benefits 289
9.1.1 Quick calculation example of accident costs based on the number of serious accidents 292
9.2 Prevention costs 293
9.3 Prevention benefits 295
9.4 The degree of safety and the minimum total cost point 295
9.5 Safety economics and the two different types of risks 297
9.6 Cost-effectiveness analysis and cost-benefit analysis for occupational (type I) accidents 299
9.6.1 Cost-effectiveness analysis 299
9.6.2 Cost-benefit analysis 300
9.6.2.1 Decision rule, present values and discount rate 302
9.6.2.2 Disproportion factor 305
9.6.2.3 Different cost-benefit ratios 306
9.6.2.4 Cost-benefit analysis for safety measures 306
9.6.3 Risk acceptability 307
9.6.4 Application of the event tree for safety investments 311
9.6.5 Internal rate of return 312
9.6.6 Payback period 313
9.6.7 Application of investment analysis for type I risks 314
9.6.7.1 Safety investment option 1 314
9.6.7.2 Safety investment option 2 316
9.6.8 Decision analysis tree cost-variable approach 318
9.6.9 The Borda algorithm approach 318
9.6.10 Advantages and disadvantages of analyses based on costs and benefits 322
9.7 Optimal allocation strategy for the safety budget 322
9.8 Loss aversion and safety investments: safety as economic value 323
9.9 Conclusions 325
References 325
10 Risk governance 327
10.1 Introduction 327
10.2 Risk management system 329
10.3 A framework for risk and uncertainty governance 335
10.4 The risk governance model 340
10.4.1 The "considering?" layer of the risk governance model 343
10.4.2 The "results?" layer of the risk governance model 344
10.4.3 The risk governance model 344
10.5 A risk governance PDCA 344
10.6 Risk governance deficits 347
10.7 Conclusions 349
References 349
11 Examples of practical implementation of risk management 351
11.1 The MICE concept 354
11.1.1 The management step 354
11.1.2 The information and education step 355
11.1.3 The control step 355
11.1.4 The emergency step 356
11.2 Application to chemistry research and chemical hazards 356
11.3 Application to physics research and physics hazards 358
11.3.1 Hazards of liquid cryogens 359
11.3.2 Asphyxiation 362
11.4 Application to emerging technologies 363
11.4.1 Nanotechnologies as illustrative example 368
11.5 Tips for implementing risk management in practice 371
11.6 Conclusions 372
References 374
12 Concluding remarks 377
Index 381