Table of Contents
Preface ix
1 Land evaluation and site investigation 1
1.1 Desk study and preliminary reconnaissance 2
1.2 Remote sensing imagery and aerial photographs 5
1.3 Terrain evaluation 17
1.4 Geographical information systems 19
1.5 Mapping 21
1.6 Site exploration: direct methods 31
1.7 Recording discontinuity data 49
1.8 In situ testing 55
1.9 Indirect methods of exploration: geophysical techniques 66
1.10 Field instrumentation 88
References 93
2 Open excavation and slopes 97
2.1 Methods of excavation: drilling and blasting 97
2.2 Methods of excavation: ripping 113
2.3 Diggability 125
2.4 Displacement in soils 129
2.5 Displacements in rock masses 131
2.6 A brief note on slope stability analysis 136
2.7 Ground movements and excavation 140
2.8 Groundwater and excavation 145
2.9 Monitoring slopes 158
2.10 Methods of slope control and stabilization 161
2.11 A note on cofferdams and caissons 174
References 176
3 Subsurface excavations 181
3.1 Introduction 181
3.2 Geological conditions and tunnelling 182
3.3 Excavation of tunnels 203
3.4 Tunnel support 213
3.5 Tunnelling and subsidence 229
3.6 Underground caverns 231
3.7 Shafts and raises 235
References 243
4 Foundation conditions and buildings 247
4.1 Total and effective pressures 247
4.2 Stress distribution in soil 249
4.3 Bearing capacity 253
4.4 Contact pressure 262
4.5 Consolidation and settlement 263
4.6 Subsidence 277
4.7 Earthquakes and ground movements 298
4.8 Problem soils 303
4.9 Ground treatment 329
4.10 Types of foundation structure 333
References 337
5 Routeways 344
5.1 Introduction 344
5.2 Roadways 345
5.3 Embankments 365
5.4 Reinforced earth 375
5.5 Soil stabilization 376
5.6 Use of geotextiles in road construction 389
5.7 Drainage 390
5.8 Railroads 394
5.9 Bridges 396
References 402
6 Reservoirs and dam sites 406
6.1 Introduction 406
6.2 Investigation of reservoir sites 407
6.3 Leakage from reservoirs 409
6.4 Stability of the sides of reservoirs 416
6.5 Sedimentation in reservoirs 421
6.6 Pumped storage reservoirs 423
6.7 Reservoirs and induced seismicity 425
6.8 Types of dam 428
6.9 Forces on a dam 433
6.10 Geology and dam sites 436
6.11 Embankment dams 452
6.12 Grouting 463
6.13 Drainage systems 471
6.14 Impervious blankets 471
References 472
7 Hydrogeology 477
7.1 Introduction 477
7.2 Capillary movement in soil and soil suction 481
7.3 Aquifers, aquicludes and aquitards 482
7.4 Springs 485
7.5 Water budget studies 487
7.6 Hydrogeological properties 489
7.7 Flow through soils and rocks 496
7.8 Groundwater exploration 501
7.9 Assessment of permeability and flow 504
7.10 Water quality and uses 515
7.11 Wells 524
7.12 Safe yield 526
7.13 Artificial recharge 527
7.14 Groundwater pollution 528
7.15 Groundwater monitoring and groundwater protection zones 550
7.16 Rising water tables 552
References 553
8 River and coastal engineering 559
8.1 Fluvial processes 559
8.2 Floods 571
8.3 Factors affecting run-off 575
8.4 Assessment of run-off 581
8.5 Hazard zoning, warning systems and adjustments 586
8.6 River control and flood regulation 589
8.7 The coastal zone 598
8.8 Coastal erosion 608
8.9 Beaches and longshore drift 612
8.10 Shoreline investigation 615
8.11 Protective barriers 619
8.12 Stabilization of longshore drift 625
8.13 Storm surges and marine inundation 628
8.14 Tsunamis 632
References 637
9 Waste and its disposal 641
9.1 Introduction 641
9.2 Domestic refuse and sanitary landfills 643
9.3 Hazardous wastes 667
9.4 Radioactive waste 671
9.5 Waste materials from mining 679
References 691
10 Derelict and contaminated land 696
10.1 Derelict land and urban areas 696
10.2 Derelict land: restoration of old quarries, pits and mines 699
10.3 Contaminated land 704
10.4 Investigation of contaminated sites 714
10.5 Remediation of contaminated land 722
10.6 Contamination, mining and associated industries 728
10.7 Contamination in estuaries 731
References 734
11 Geological materials used in construction 738
11.1 Building or dimension stone 738
11.2 Roofing and facing materials 762
11.3 Armourstone 764
11.4 Crushed rock: concrete aggregate 768
11.5 Road aggregate 773
11.6 Gravels and sands 776
11.7 Lime, cement and plaster 779
11.8 Clay deposits and refractory materials 781
References 787
Index 791
