Engineering Design with Polymers and Composites / Edition 2

by James C. Gerdeen PhD PE

Overview

There are many books available on polymer chemistry, properties, and processing, but they do not focus on the practicalities of selecting and using them correctly in the design of structures. Engineers require an understanding of polymers and composites as well as viscoelasticity, adhesion, damping applications, and tribology in order to successfully integrate these materials into their designs. Based on more than twenty years of experience, Engineering Design with Polymers and Composites is the first book to unite these topics in a single source.

The authors take a bottom-up functional approach rather than a top-down analytical approach to design. This unique perspective enables you to select the proper materials for the application rather than force the design to suit the materials. The text begins with an introduction to polymers and composites, including historical background. Detailed coverage of mechanical properties, viscoelastic behavior of polymers, composite materials, creep and fatigue failure, impact, and related properties follows. Discussion then turns to selection of materials, design applications of polymers, polymer processing, adhesion, tribology, and damping and isolation. Abundant examples, exercises, tables, and illustrations reinforce the concepts.

Accompanied by a CD-ROM containing materials databases, examples in Excel, and a laminate analysis program, Engineering Design with Polymers and Composites builds a strong background in the underlying concepts necessary to successfully incorporate polymers and composites into your designs.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	2901439860525
Publication date:	12/19/2011
Pages:	420
Product dimensions:	6.50(w) x 1.50(h) x 9.50(d)

About the Author

James C. Gerdeen, Ph.D., P.E., is a professor emeritus at the University of Colorado at Denver and Health Science Center and a distinguished professor at Michigan Technological University. He has published over 65 papers and over 100 research reports. His research interests include pressure vessel design, structural analysis, metal working manufacturing, and mechanical design.

Ronald A.L. Rorrer, Ph.D., P.E., is an associate professor at the University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center. He has published over 30 papers and holds one patent. His research areas include tribology, polymers, composites, and bioengineering.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1	Introduction to Polymers and Composites	1
1.1	Introduction	1
1.2	History of Polymers	2
1.3	History of Composites	2
1.4	Examples of Polymers and Composites	4
1.5	Definitions and Classifications	6
1.6	Raw Materials and Production of Polymers	8
1.7	Chemical Structures	11
1.8	Glass-Transition Temperature	18
	References	22
	Homework Problems	22
Chapter 2	Mechanical Properties of Polymers	25
2.1	Introduction	25
2.2	Tensile Properties	25
2.2.1	Elongation	26
2.2.2	Elastic Modulus	26
2.2.3	Ultimate Tensile Strength	27
2.2.4	Yield Strength	28
2.3	Creep Properties	32
2.4	Relaxation Properties	34
2.5	Dynamic Properties	35
2.5.1	Dynamic Tests	35
2.5.2	Dynamic Modulus and Damping	36
2.5.3	Dynamic Property Data	38
2.6	Large-Strain Definitions	40
2.7	Analysis of Damping	41
2.8	Time-Hardening Creep	44
2.9	Isochronous Creep Curves	45
	References	46
	Homework Problems	47
Chapter 3	Viscoelastic Behavior of Polymers	49
3.1	Mechanical Models	49
3.2	Mathematical Models	50
3.3	The Maxwell Fluid	52
3.4	The Kelvin Solid	55
3.5	The Four-Parameter Model	58
3.6	The Boltzmann Superposition Principle	60
3.7	Advanced Viscoelastic Models	63
3.8	The Viscoelastic Correspondence Principle	64
3.9	The Time-Temperature Equivalence Principle	67
	References	70
	Homework Problems	70
Chapter 4	Composite Materials	77
4.1	Introduction	77
4.2	Composite Material Nomenclature and Definitions	77
4.3	Analysis of Composite Structures	81
4.3.1	Micromechanics of a Unidirectional Fiber-Reinforced Composite Layer (Lamina)	84
4.3.1.1	Determination of Apparent Longitudinal Young's Modulus	85
4.3.1.2	Determination of Major Poisson's Ratio of Unidirectional Lamina	87
4.3.1.3	Apparent Transverse Young's Modulus	89
4.3.1.4	Apparent Shear Modulus	92
4.3.1.5	Summary of Results from Micromechanics Analysis of Lamina Elastic Moduli	94
4.3.1.6	Prediction of Tensile Strength in Fiber Direction	95
4.3.2	Macromechanics of a Unidirectional Fiber-Reinforced Composite Layer of Lamina	97
4.3.2.1	Stress-Strain Relations for Isotropic Materials	98
4.3.2.2	Anisotropic Materials-Contracted Notation	99
4.3.2.3	Orthotropic Lamina-Hooke's Law in Principal Material Coordinates	101
4.3.2.4	Stress-Strain Relationships for Off-Axis Orientation	104
4.4	Experimental Determination of Engineering Elastic Constants	111
4.5	Strength Properties and Failure Theories	114
4.5.1	A Review of Failure Theories for Isotropic Materials	115
4.5.2	Strength and Failure Theories for an Orthotropic Lamina	117
4.5.3	Failure by Fiber Pullout	121
4.6	Stiffness of Laminated Composites	122
4.6.1	Sandwich Beam	122
4.6.2	Orthotropic Plate	124
4.6.3	Laminated Plates	128
4.6.4	Thermal Stresses	133
4.7	Summary	133
	Bibliography	134
	References	134
	Homework Problems	135
Chapter 5	Creep Failure and Fatigue Failure	139
5.1	Creep Failure Under Tension	139
5.2	Creep Failure Under Compression	142
5.3	Fatigue of Polymers	144
5.4	Notch Sensitivity Under Fatigue	150
5.5	Creep Buckling of Shells	150
	References	152
	Homework Problems	152
Chapter 6	Impact and Other Properties	155
6.1	Impact Strength	155
6.1.1	Adjusted Impact Properties	160
6.1.2	Combined Stiffness and Impact Properties	162
6.2	Fracture Toughness	166
6.2.1	Brittle Fracture	166
6.2.2	Ductile Fracture	171
6.2.3	General Theory of Fracture Instability	171
6.3	Thermal Properties	178
6.4	Electrical Properties	179
	References	180
	Homework Problems	181
Chapter 7	Selection of Polymers for Design Applications	185
7.1	Introduction	185
7.2	Basic Material Properties	185
7.3	Performance Parameters	186
7.4	Loading Conditions and Geometrical Configurations	186
7.5	Availability of Materials	186
7.6	A Rectangular Beam in Bending	187
7.7	Weighting-Factor Analysis	190
7.8	Thermal Gradient Through a Beam	191
7.9	Rating Factors for Various Loading Requirements	193
7.10	Design Optimization	194
7.10.1	Graphical Solution	194
7.10.2	Computer Solution	199
7.10.3	Microsoft Excel Solver Routine	201
7.11	Computer Database Design Selection Procedure	205
7.11.1	Example Problem of Impact of a Beam	205
	References	206
	Homework Problems	207
Chapter 8	Design Applications of Some Polymers	209
8.1	Phenolic Resins with Fillers	209
8.2	Polycarbonate	211
8.3	Example Design with PC-Fan Impeller Blade	211
8.3.1	Creep Strain	213
8.3.2	Impact Failure	215
8.4	Example Design with PC-Snap/Fit Design	216
8.5	Example Design of Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe	217
8.6	Design with Fluorocarbon Resins	221
	References	224
	Homework Problems	224
Chapter 9	Polymer Processing	227
9.1	Extrusion	227
9.2	Manufacture of PVC Pipe by Extrusion	229
9.3	Injection Molding	233
9.4	Sheet Forming	235
9.5	Blow Molding	236
9.5.1	Inflation	238
9.5.2	Cooling Phase	243
	References	250
	Homework Problems	250
Chapter 10	Adhesion of Polymers and Composites	253
10.1	Introduction	253
10.2	Fundamentals of Adhesion	253
10.2.1	Wetting and Work of Adhesion	253
10.2.2	Measurement of Adhesion	256
10.2.3	Viscoelasticity of Adhesion	259
10.3	Adhesives	261
10.3.1	Common Polymeric Adhesives	261
10.3.2	PSA Polymers As Matrix Materials (In-Situ Adhesives) in Polymeric Composites	262
10.4	Enhancement of Adhesion in Composites	263
10.5	Curing of Adhesives	265
10.6	Summary	268
	References	268
	Homework Problems	269
Chapter 11	Tribology of Polymers and Composites	271
11.1	Introduction	271
11.2	Contact Mechanics	272
11.3	Surface Topography	274
11.4	Friction	275
11.4.1	Static and Dynamic Coefficients of Friction	279
11.4.2	Adhesive and Abrasive Friction	280
11.5	Wear	280
11.5.1	Archard Wear Law	281
11.6	PV Limit	282
11.7	Rolling and Sliding	283
11.8	Modification of Polymers for Friction and Wear Performance	284
11.8.1	Internal Lubricants	285
11.8.2	Reinforcements	286
11.9	Composites	288
11.10	Wear of Composites	291
11.11	Heat Generation in Sliding-Polymer Systems	292
11.11.1	Bulk Surface-Temperature Calculations	292
11.11.2	Flash Temperature	293
11.12	Special Considerations	293
11.12.1	Polymer-on-Polymer Sliding	293
11.12.2	Coatings	294
11.12.3	Effect of Surface Topography on Friction and Wear	294
11.12.4	Effect of Environment on Friction and Wear	294
11.12.5	Friction-Induced Vibration	294
11.13	Simulative Laboratory Testing	296
	References	297
	Homework Problems	297
Chapter 12	Damping and Isolation with Polymers and Composites	299
12.1	Introduction	299
12.2	Relevance of Thermomechanical Spectrum of Polymers	300
12.3	Damping of Materials	301
12.3.1	Reduced-Frequency Nomograph	302
12.4	Materials	303
12.5	Fundamentals of Vibration Damping and Isolation	304
12.6	Role of Dampers	312
12.7	Damping Layers	313
	References	317
	Homework Problems	317
	Appendices
Appendix A	Conversion Factors	319
Appendix B	Area Moments of Inertia	321
Appendix C	Beam Reactions and Displacements	323
Appendix D	Laminate Analysis MATLAB Code	329
Appendix E	Sample Input/Output for Laminate Program	339
Appendix F	Composite Materials Properties	343
	Index	347