Enforcing the Equal Protection Clause: Congressional Power, Judicial Doctrine, and Constitutional Law
For over a century, Congress’s power to enforce the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantee of “the equal protection of the laws” has presented judges and scholars with a puzzle. What does it mean for Congress to “enforce” such a wide-ranging, open-ended provision when the Supreme Court has insisted on its own superiority in interpreting the Fourteenth Amendment? In Enforcing the Equal Protection Clause, William D. Araiza offers a unique understanding of Congress’s enforcement power and its relationship to the Court’s claim to supremacy when interpreting the Constitution.

Drawing on the history of American thinking about equality in the decades before and after the Civil War, Araiza argues that congressional enforcement and judicial supremacy can co-exist, but only if the Court limits its role to ensuring that enforcement legislation reasonably promotes the core meaning of the Equal Protection Clause. Much of the Court’s equal protection jurisprudence stops short of stating such core meaning, thus leaving Congress free (subject to appropriate judicial checks) to enforce the full scope of the constitutional guarantee. Araiza’s thesis reconciles the Supreme Court’s ultimate role in interpreting the Constitution with Congress’s superior capacity to transform the Fourteenth Amendment’s majestic principles into living reality.

The Fourteenth Amendment’s Enforcement Clause raises difficult issues of separation of powers, federalism, and constitutional rights. Araiza illuminates each of these in this scholarly, timely work that is both intellectually rigorous but also accessible to non-specialist readers.

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Enforcing the Equal Protection Clause: Congressional Power, Judicial Doctrine, and Constitutional Law
For over a century, Congress’s power to enforce the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantee of “the equal protection of the laws” has presented judges and scholars with a puzzle. What does it mean for Congress to “enforce” such a wide-ranging, open-ended provision when the Supreme Court has insisted on its own superiority in interpreting the Fourteenth Amendment? In Enforcing the Equal Protection Clause, William D. Araiza offers a unique understanding of Congress’s enforcement power and its relationship to the Court’s claim to supremacy when interpreting the Constitution.

Drawing on the history of American thinking about equality in the decades before and after the Civil War, Araiza argues that congressional enforcement and judicial supremacy can co-exist, but only if the Court limits its role to ensuring that enforcement legislation reasonably promotes the core meaning of the Equal Protection Clause. Much of the Court’s equal protection jurisprudence stops short of stating such core meaning, thus leaving Congress free (subject to appropriate judicial checks) to enforce the full scope of the constitutional guarantee. Araiza’s thesis reconciles the Supreme Court’s ultimate role in interpreting the Constitution with Congress’s superior capacity to transform the Fourteenth Amendment’s majestic principles into living reality.

The Fourteenth Amendment’s Enforcement Clause raises difficult issues of separation of powers, federalism, and constitutional rights. Araiza illuminates each of these in this scholarly, timely work that is both intellectually rigorous but also accessible to non-specialist readers.

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Enforcing the Equal Protection Clause: Congressional Power, Judicial Doctrine, and Constitutional Law

Enforcing the Equal Protection Clause: Congressional Power, Judicial Doctrine, and Constitutional Law

by William D. Araiza
Enforcing the Equal Protection Clause: Congressional Power, Judicial Doctrine, and Constitutional Law

Enforcing the Equal Protection Clause: Congressional Power, Judicial Doctrine, and Constitutional Law

by William D. Araiza

Hardcover

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Overview

For over a century, Congress’s power to enforce the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantee of “the equal protection of the laws” has presented judges and scholars with a puzzle. What does it mean for Congress to “enforce” such a wide-ranging, open-ended provision when the Supreme Court has insisted on its own superiority in interpreting the Fourteenth Amendment? In Enforcing the Equal Protection Clause, William D. Araiza offers a unique understanding of Congress’s enforcement power and its relationship to the Court’s claim to supremacy when interpreting the Constitution.

Drawing on the history of American thinking about equality in the decades before and after the Civil War, Araiza argues that congressional enforcement and judicial supremacy can co-exist, but only if the Court limits its role to ensuring that enforcement legislation reasonably promotes the core meaning of the Equal Protection Clause. Much of the Court’s equal protection jurisprudence stops short of stating such core meaning, thus leaving Congress free (subject to appropriate judicial checks) to enforce the full scope of the constitutional guarantee. Araiza’s thesis reconciles the Supreme Court’s ultimate role in interpreting the Constitution with Congress’s superior capacity to transform the Fourteenth Amendment’s majestic principles into living reality.

The Fourteenth Amendment’s Enforcement Clause raises difficult issues of separation of powers, federalism, and constitutional rights. Araiza illuminates each of these in this scholarly, timely work that is both intellectually rigorous but also accessible to non-specialist readers.


Product Details

ISBN-13: 9781479859702
Publisher: New York University Press
Publication date: 01/01/2016
Pages: 336
Product dimensions: 6.10(w) x 9.10(h) x 1.20(d)

About the Author

William D. Araiza is Professor of Law and Dean of Brooklyn Law School and the author of Enforcing the Equal Protection Clause (NYU, 2016), Animus: A Brief Introduction to Bias in the Law (NYU, 2017), and Rebuilding Expertise: Creating Effective and Trustworthy Regulation in an Age of Doubt (forthcoming, 2022).

Table of Contents

Preface: Introducing the Enforcement Power ix

Acknowledgments xiii

Introduction: Why the Enforcement Power, and Why Now? 1

Part I How We Got Here: A Brief History Of Equal Protection and the Enforcement Power

1 Equal Protection before the Modern Era 23

2 The Rise and Fall of Carolene Products 50

3 A Historical Introduction to the Enforcement Power 84

Part II Where We Are Now: The Enforcement Power in Today's Court

4 The Modern Enforcement Power: Principles and Paradoxes 113

5 Constitutional Law and Legislative Policy 124

Part III What to Do About It: Constructing a Modern Enforcement Power

6 Refocusing Congruence and Proportionality 141

7 The Deference Question 169

8 An Aside on State Action 194

Part IV Applying the Fix: Equal Protection and Beyond

9 Irrationality, Animus, and Deference 209

10 Beyond Irrationality and Animus: The Enforcement Power in Other Contexts 227

Conclusion: An Enforcement Power for a Twenty-First-Century Constitutional Democracy 247

Notes 251

Bibliography 289

Index 295

About the Author 305

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