Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences

by Jay A. Siegel (Editor), Pekka J. Saukko (Editor)

Overview

The Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences is the first resource to provide comprehensive coverage of the core theories, methods, techniques, and applications employed by forensic scientists. One of the more pressing concerns in forensic science is the collection of evidence from the crime scene and its relevance to the forensic analysis carried out in the laboratory. The Encyclopedia will serve to inform both the crime scene worker and the laboratory worker of their protocols, procedures, and limitations. The more than 200 articles contained in the Encyclopedia form a repository of core information that will be of use to instructors, students, and professionals in the criminology, legal, and law enforcement communities.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780123821652
Publisher:	Elsevier Science
Publication date:	03/28/2013
Edition description:	2nd Revised ed.
Pages:	2250
Product dimensions:	8.75(w) x 11.06(h) x (d)

About the Author

Jay Siegel, PhD is retired Director of the Forensic and Investigative Sciences Program and Chair of the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology at Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis. He was Director of the Forensic Science Program at Michigan State University for 25 years from 1980-2004 until his retirement as Professor Emeritus. Dr. Siegel is a Distinguished Member of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences and was named as Distinguished Alumni Scholar by his alma mater, George Washington University in 2011. He is co-editor of Forensic Science Policy and Management: An International Journal. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences Forensic Science Committee from 2006-09.

Dr. Saukko is currently Professor of Forensic Medicine and Head of the Department of Forensic Medicine of the University of Turku, Finland.

He graduated in medicine from the University of Vienna, Austria in 1975 and was certified as a Specialist in Forensic Medicine in 1981 by the National Board of Health, Finland. In 1983 he received a Doctorate in Medical Science (MD) by thesis in Forensic Pathology by the University of Oulu, Finland and was appointed Adjunct Professor of Forensic Medicine of the same University in 1986. From 1978 to 1989 he held the position of the Provincial Medical Officer, Medico-legal Expert, Provincial Government of Oulu. In 1989 he was appointed the Professor of Forensic Medicine of the University of Tampere, Finland and since 1992 he holds the current position at the University of Turku.

He has published widely as an author, co-author in scientific journals, book and encyclopedia chapters and is the co-author of the “Atlas of Forensic Medicine” (CD-ROM) (Elsevier Science, 2003), “Knight’s Forensic Pathology” (Arnold, 2004) and “Forensic Medicine in Europe” (Schmidt-Römhild, 2008).

Dr. Saukko is the recipient of the Ajtai K. Sandor Medal and an Honorary Doctorate in Medicine (Dr. h.c.) from the Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. His expert work as consultant includes needs assessment of the forensic facilities in Cambodia for the UNDP (1996), the Working Party on the Harmonization of Autopsy Rules for the Council of Europe (1997-1998), quality assessment of the Portuguese Departments of Forensic Pathology, as a member of an international team of experts (2001), the external case review panel for the Office of the Chief Coroner, Toronto, Canada (2006) and the consultant panel and expert witness for the Inquiry Into Pediatric Forensic Pathology In Ontario, Canada (2007) and forensic expert for the UNDP/NHRC in Kathmandu, Nepal (2008).

Since 1993, he is the Editor-in-Chief of the journal Forensic Science International, by Elsevier, and Editorial Board Member of a number of other national and international scientific journals of forensic medicine and science.

He is a Member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina and an Honorary Member of the Hungarian Forensic Science Society, the Royal Belgium Society of Forensic Medicine, the German Society of Legal Medicine, the Japanese Society of Legal Medicine and a Founding and Honorary Fellow of the Faculty of Forensic & Legal Medicine, Royal College of Physicians (London).

Table of Contents

Accident Investigation

• Airbag Related Injuries and Deaths
  
• Determination of Cause: Overview
  
• Determination of Cause: Reconstruction
  
• Driver Versus Passenger in Motor Vehicle Collisions
  
• Motor Vehicle
  
• Rail
  
• Tachographs
  

Accreditation of Forensic Science Laboratories
Administration of Forensic Science

• An International Perspective
  
• Organization of Laboratories
  

Alcohol

• Blood
  
• Body Fluids
  
• Breath
  
• Congener Analysis
  
• Interpretation
  
• Post-mortem
  

Analytical Techniques

• Capillary Electrophoresis in Forensic Biology
  
• Capillary Electrophoresis in Forensic Science
  
• Gas Chromatography
  
• Hyphenated Chromatographic-Spectroscopic Techniques
  
• Mass Spectrometry
  
• Microscopy
  
• Presumptive Chemical Tests
  
• Separation Techniques
  
• Spectroscopic Techniques
  
• Spectroscopy: Basic Principles
  

Anthropology:

• Overview
  
• Animal Effects on Human Remains
  
• Archaeology
  
• Assessment of Occupational Stress
  
• Bone Pathology and Antemortem Trauma in Forensic Cases
  
• Determination of Racial Affinity
  
• Excavation and Retrieval of Forensic Remains
  
• Morphological Age Estimation
  
• Sex Determination
  
• Skeletal Analysis
  
• Skeletal Trauma
  
• Stature Estimation from the Skeleton
  

Anthropometry
Autoerotic Death
Basic Principles of Forensic Science
Causes of Death:

• Overview
  
• Asphyctic Deaths
  
• Blunt Injury
  
• Burns and Scalds
  
• Postmortem Changes
  
• Scene of Death
  
• Sharp Injury
  
• Sudden Natural Death
  
• Systemic Response to Trauma
  
• Traffic Deaths
  

Cheiloscopy
Clinical Forensic Medicine

• Overview
  
• Child Abuse
  
• Defense Wounds
  
• Evaluation of Gunshot Wounds
  
• Recognition of Pattern Injuries in Domestic Violence Victims
  
• Self-inflicted Injury
  
• Sexual Assault and Semen Persistence
  

Computer Crime
Crime-Scene Investigation and Examination

• Collection and Chain of Evidence
  
• Contamination
  
• Criminal Analysis
  
• Fingerprints
  
• Major Incident Scene Management
  
• Packaging
  
• Preservation
  
• Recording
  
• Recovery of Human Remains
  
• Scene Analysis and Reconstruction
  
• Suspicious Deaths
  

Criminal Profiling
Criminalistics
Deoxyribonucleic Acid

• Basic Principles
  
• Databanks
  
• Mitochondrial Deoxyribo
• Future Analytical Techniques
  
• Mitochondrial Deoxyribonucleic Acid
  
• Parentage Testing
  
• Polymerase Chain Reaction
  
• Polymerase Chain Reaction-Short Tandem Repeats
  
• Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
  
• Significance
  
• Statistical Analysis
  

Detection of Deception
Disaster Victim Identification
Document Analysis

• Analytical Methods
  
• Document Dating
  
• Forgery/Counterfeits
  
• Handwriting
  
• Ink Analysis
  

Drugs of Abuse

• Analysis
  
• Ante-Mortem Blood
  
• Body Fluids
  
• Classification, including Commercial Drugs
  
• Designer Drugs
  
• Drugs and Driving
  
• Hair
  
• Postmortem Blood
  
• Urine
  

Dust
Ear Prints
Education: An International Perspective
Electronic Communication and Information
Engineering
Entomology
Ethics
Evidence

• Classification
  
• Statistical Interpretation of Evidence/Bayesian Analysis
  

Expert Witness: Qualifications and Testimony
Explosives

• Analysis
  
• Bomb-Scene Management
  
• Commercial
  
• Mechanism of Explosion
  
• Military
  

Facial Identification

• Computerized Facial Reconstruction
  
• Facial Tissue Thickness in Facial Reconstruction
  
• Lineup, Mugshot Search and Composite
  
• Photo Image Identification
  
• Skull-Photo Superimposition
  

Fibers

• Identification and Comparison
  
• Recovery
  
• Significance
  
• Transfer and Persistence
  
• Types
  

Fingerprints (Dactyloscopy)

• Automated Methods, including Criminal Record Administration
  
• Chemistry of Print Residue
  
• Identification and Classification
  
• Sequential Treatment and Enhancement
  
• Standards of Proof
  
• Visualization
  

Fire Investigation

• Chemistry of Fire
  
• Evidence Recovery at the Fire Scene
  
• Fire Scene
  
• Fire Scene Patterns
  
• Laboratory
  
• Physics/Thermodynamics
  
• Types of Fire
  

Firearms

• Humane Killing Tools
  
• Laboratory Analysis
  
• Range
  
• Residues
  
• Weapons, Ammunitions and Penetration
  

Forgery and Fraud

• Counterfeit Currency
  
• Payment Cards
  

Geographical Profiling
Hair

• Overview
  
• Comparison: Microscopic
  
• Comparison: Other
  
• Comparison: Significance of Hair Evidence
  
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid Typing
  
• Hair Transfer, Persistence and Recovery
  
• Identification of Human and Animal Hair
  

Health and Safety: Including Risk Assessment
History

• Crime-Scene Sciences
  
• Fingerprint Sciences
  
• Forensic Anthropology in the USA
  
• Forensic Medicine
  
• Forensic Sciences
  

Identification/Individualization: Overview and Meaning of ID
Internet Crime
Investigative Psychology
Legal Aspects of Forensic Science
Lie Detection: Polygraph
Microchemistry
Modus Operandi
Nursing
Odontology
Offender Signature
Paints and Coatings: Commercial, Domestic and Automotive
Pathology

• Overview
  
• Autopsy
  
• Histopathology
  
• Postmortem Changes
  
• Postmortem Interval
  
• Preservation of Evidence
  
• Victim Recovery
  

Pattern Evidence
'Plastic' Bag Striations

Bare Footprint Marks

Footwear Marks

Serial Number

Shotgun Ammunition on a Target

Tools

Vehicle Tire Marks and Tire Track Measurement
Pharmacology
Phonetics
Photography and Digital Imaging

• Overview
  
• Digital Imaging Enhancement

Postmortem Examination: Procedures and Standards
Psycholinguistics
Psychological Autopsies
Psychology and Psychiatry

• Overview
  
• Psychiatry
  
• Psychology
  

Quality Assurance: QA/QC
Serial Killing
Serology

• Overview
  
• Blood Identification
  
• Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
  

Stalking
Time Since Death
Toxicology

• Overview
  
• Equine Drug Testing
  
• Inhalants
  
• Interpretation of Results
  
• Methods of Analysis: Ante mortem
  
• Methods of Analysis: Post mortem
  

Voice Analysis
Wildlife
Wood Analysis
Appendices

• Glossary
  
• Major Forensic Science Journals
  

Index

What People are Saying About This

From the Publisher

30% more articles in this edition, with a particular increase in coverage of DNA and digital forensics

Editorial Reviews

"This encyclopedia's second edition…in online format is a major accomplishment. It brings updated/new information to readers in a convenient and flexible format. Vividly colored tables and figures abound. References are current. The various specialties and related disciplines continue to be included.  Summing Up: Highly Recommended." —CHOICE Reviews Online, February 2014

From the Publisher

Honorable Mention award, Dartmouth Medal competition, 2001. This award recognizes reference works of outstanding quality and significance.

American Library Association

...this will be a useful addition to both public and academic libraries, taking the fiction out of detecting. The Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences would be a useful addition to any public, academic, or legal collection.

Donna R. Berryman

This three-volume set reflects the rapid changes that have evolved in the last few decades as a result of both the developments in the field of forensic science and the changing face of society and of crime. It covers a broad range of topics including medicolegal causes of death, crime scene investigation, DNA databanks and analysis, alcohol and drug analysis, fire investigation, psychological autopsies and ethics. Editor-in-chief Siegal (criminal justice, Michigan State U.) and editors Pekka J. Saukko (forensic medicine, U. of Turku) and Geoffrey C. Knupfer (The National Training Center for Scientific Support to Crime Investigation) present approximately 200 contributions covering the whole panoply of activities that make up forensic science. Although they focus upon the analysis of chemical, physical and biological materials, considerable space is devoted to the interpretation of findings from analysis and presentation of expert, scientific testimony in criminal and civil courts. Entries are arranged alphabetically. Generously illustrated with b&w photos and color plates. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

Booknews