Table of Contents
Preface ix
1. Toxic Nature of Crude Oil 1
1.1 High Risk Areas 1
1.2 Potential Impacts 7
1.3 Definitions 8
1.4 Examples of Historical Oil Spills and Their Impacts 10
2. Origins of Spills 37
2.1 Offshore Drilling 37
2.2 Case Study 44
3. Use of Chemical Dispersants 55
3.1 Dispersants 55
3.2 Methods of Applicaion 60
3.3 Types of Dispensants and Commerical Products 62
4. Combating Spills at the Shoreline 93
4.1 Chemical Warfare 93
4.2 Booms and Barriers 157
5. Emerging Technologies 237
5.1 Clean World Innovations and EncapSol 237
5.2 Centrifuges 243
5.3 Skimmers and Response Vessels 244
6. Spill Response and Worker Protection 247
6.1 Countermeasure Options 247
6.2 Spill Response Protocols and Strategies 271
6.3 Worker Protection 336
6.4 The Oil Spill Response Plan 420
6.5 Air Monitoring 429
7. Standard of Care and The BP Oil Spill 443
7.1 The Impacts 443
7.2 The Waxman/Stupak Letter 449
7.3 Standard of Care 462
Index 509
About the Authors 531