Electric Circuits (Text Only) / Edition 7

by James Nilsson, Susan Riedel

Overview

Electric Circuits, Eighth Edition features a new design,a four-color format, and 80% of chapter problems have been updated. In the midst of these changes, the book retains the goals that have made it a best-seller: 1) To build an understanding of concepts and ideas explicitly in terms of previous learning; 2) To emphasize the relationship between conceptual understanding and problem solving approaches; 3) To provide readers with a strong foundation of engineering practices. Chapter topics include Circuit Variables; Circuit Elements; Simple Resistive Circuits; Techniques of Circuit Analysis; The Operational Amplifier; Inductors, Capacitors, and Mutual Inductance; Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits; Natural and Step Responses of RLC Circuits; Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis; and more. For anyone interested in circuit analysis.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780131465923
Publisher:	Pearson
Publication date:	05/17/2004
Edition description:	Older Edition
Pages:	992
Product dimensions:	8.68(w) x 9.52(h) x 1.65(d)

Table of Contents

List of Examples     xiii
Preface     xvii
Circuit Variables     2
Electrical Engineering: An Overview     3
The International System of Units     8
Circuit Analysis: An Overview     10
Voltage and Current     11
The Ideal Basic Circuit Element     12
Power and Energy     14
Summary     16
Problems     17
Circuit Elements     22
Practical Perspective: Electrical Safety     23
Voltage and Current Sources     24
Electrical Resistance (Ohm's Law)     28
Construction of a Circuit Model     32
Kirchhoff's Laws     36
Analysis of a Circuit Containing Dependent Sources     42
Practical Perspective: Electrical Safety     46
Summary     47
Problems     48
Simple Resistive Circuits     56
Practical Perspective: A Rear Window Defroster     57
Resistors in Series     58
Resistors in Parallel     59
The Voltage-Divider and Current-Divider Circuits     62
Voltage Division and Current Division     65
Measuring Voltage and Current     68
Measuring Resistance-The Wheatstone Bridge     71
Delta-to-Wye (Pi-to-Tee) Equivalent Circuits     73
Practical Perspective: A Rear Window Defroster     76
Summary     79
Problems     80
Techniques of Circuit Analysis     92
Practical Perspective: Circuits with Realistic Resistors     93
Terminology     94
Introduction to the Node-Voltage Method     97
The Node-Voltage Method and Dependent Sources     100
The Node-Voltage Method: Some Special Cases     101
Introduction to the Mesh-Current Method     105
The Mesh-Current Method and Dependent Sources     107
The Mesh-Current Method: Some Special Cases     109
The Node-Voltage Method Versus the Mesh-Current Method     112
Source Transformations     116
Thevenin and Norton Equivalents     119
More on Deriving a Thevenin Equivalent     123
Maximum Power Transfer     126
Superposition     129
Practical Perspective: Circuits with Realistic Resistors     133
Summary     137
Problems     138
The Operational Amplifier     154
Practical Perspective: Strain Gages      155
Operational Amplifier Terminals     156
Terminal Voltages and Currents     156
The Inverting-Amplifier Circuit     161
The Summing-Amplifier Circuit     163
The Noninverting-Amplifier Circuit     164
The Difference-Amplifier Circuit     165
A More Realistic Model for the Operational Amplifier     170
Practical Perspective: Strain Gages     173
Summary     175
Problems     176
Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance     186
Practical Perspective: Proximity Switches     187
The Inductor     188
The Capacitor     195
Series-Parallel Combinations of Inductance and Capacitance     200
Mutual Inductance     203
A Closer Look at Mutual Inductance     207
Practical Perspective: Proximity Switches     214
Summary     217
Problems     218
Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits     228
Practical Perspective: A Flashing Light Circuit     229
The Natural Response of an RL Circuit     230
The Natural Response of an RC Circuit     236
The Step Response of RL and RC Circuits     240
A General Solution for Step and Natural Responses     248
Sequential Switching     254
Unbounded Response     258
The Integrating Amplifier     260
Practical Perspective: A Flashing Light Circuit     263
Summary     265
Problems     265
Natural and Step Responses of RLC Circuits     284
Practical Perspective: An Ignition Circuit     285
Introduction to the Natural Response of a Parallel RLC Circuit     286
The Forms of the Natural Response of a Parallel RLC Circuit     291
The Step Response of a Parallel RLC Circuit     301
The Natural and Step Response of a Series RLC Circuit     308
A Circuit with Two Integrating Amplifiers     312
Practical Perspective: An Ignition Circuit     317
Summary     320
Problems     321
Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis     330
Practical Perspective: A Household Distribution Circuit     331
The Sinusoidal Source     332
The Sinusoidal Response     335
The Phasor     337
The Passive Circuit Elements in the Frequency Domain     342
Kirchoff's Laws in the Frequency Domain     246
Series, Parallel, and Delta-to-Wye Simplifications      348
Source Transformations and Thevenin-Norton Equivalent Circuits     355
The Node-Voltage Method     359
The Mesh-Current Method     360
The Transformer     361
The Ideal Transformer     365
Phasor Diagrams     372
Practical Perspective: A Household Distribution Circuit     375
Summary     375
Problems     376
Sinusoidal Steady-State Power Calculations     390
Practical Perspective: Heating Appliances     391
Instantaneous Power     392
Average and Reactive Power     394
The rms Value and Power Calculations     399
Complex Power     401
Power Calculations     403
Maximum Power Transfer     410
Practical Perspective: Heating Appliances     417
Summary     419
Problems     420
Balanced Three-Phase Circuits     432
Practical Perspective: Transmission and Distribution of Electric Power     433
Balanced Three-Phase Voltages     434
Three-Phase Voltage Sources     435
Analysis of the Wye-Wye Circuit     436
Analysis of the Wye-Delta Circuit     442
Power Calculations in Balanced Three-Phase Circuits     445
Measuring Average Power in Three-Phase Circuits     452
Practical Perspective: Transmission and Distribution of Electric Power     455
Summary     456
Problems     457
Introduction to the Laplace Transform     466
Definition of the Laplace Transform     467
The Step Function     468
The Impulse Function     470
Functional Transforms     474
Operational Transforms     475
Applying the Laplace Transform     481
Inverse Transforms     482
Poles and Zeros of F(s)     494
Initial- and Final-Value Theorems     495
Summary     498
Problems     499
The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis     506
Practical Perspective: Surge Suppressors     507
Circuit Elements in the s Domain     508
Circuit Analysis in the s Domain     511
Applications     512
The Transfer Function     526
The Transfer Function in Partial Fraction Expansions     528
The Transfer Function and the Convolution Integral     531
The Transfer Function and the Steady-State Sinusoidal Response      537
The Impulse Function in Circuit Analysis     540
Practical Perspective: Surge Suppressors     548
Summary     549
Problems     550
Introduction to Frequency Selective Circuits     566
Practical Perspective: Pushbutton Telephone Circuits     567
Some Preliminaries     568
Low-Pass Filters     570
High-Pass Filters     577
Bandpass Filters     582
Bandreject Filters     593
Practical Perspective: Pushbutton Telephone Circuits     598
Summary     599
Problems     599
Active Filter Circuits     606
Practical Perspective: Bass Volume Control     607
First-Order Low-Pass and High-Pass Filters     608
Scaling     612
Op Amp Bandpass and Bandreject Filters     615
Higher Order Op Amp Filters     622
Narrowband Bandpass and Bandreject Filters     636
Practical Perspective: Bass Volume Control     642
Summary     644
Problems     646
Fourier Series     656
Fourier Series Analysis: An Overview     658
The Fourier Coefficients     659
The Effect of Symmetry on the Fourier Coefficients     662
An Alternative Trigonometric Form of the Fourier Series     668
An Application     670
Average-Power Calculations with Periodic Functions     675
The rms Value of a Periodic Function     678
The Exponential Form of the Fourier Series     679
Amplitude and Phase Spectra     682
Summary     685
Problems     686
The Fourier Transform     698
The Derivation of the Fourier Transform     699
The Convergence of the Fourier Integral     701
Using Laplace Transforms to Find Fourier Transforms     703
Fourier Transforms in the Limit     706
Some Mathematical Properties     708
Operational Transforms     710
Circuit Applications     714
Parseval's Theorem     717
Summary     724
Problems     725
Two-Port Circuits     730
The Terminal Equations     731
The Two-Port Parameters     732
Analysis of the Terminated Two-Port Circuit     741
Interconnected Two-Port Circuits     747
Summary     751
Problems     752
The Solution of Linear Simultaneous Equations     759
Preliminary Steps     759
Cramer's Method     760
The Characteristic Determinant     760
The Numerator Determinant     760
The Evaluation of a Determinant     761
Matrices     764
Matrix Algebra     765
Identity, Adjoint, and Inverse Matrices     770
Partitioned Matrices     772
Applications     776
Complex Numbers     781
Notation     781
The Graphical Representation of a Complex Number     782
Arithmetic Operations     783
Useful Identities     785
The Integer Power of a Complex Number     785
The Roots of a Complex Number     786
More on Magnetically Coupled Coils and Ideal Transformers     787
Equivalent Circuits for Magnetically Coupled Coils     787
The Need for Ideal Transformers in the Equivalent Circuits     792
The Decibel     797
Bode Diagrams     799
Real, First-Order Poles and Zeros     799
Straight-Line Amplitude Plots     800
More Accurate Amplitude Plots     804
Straight-Line Phase Angle Plots      805
Bode Diagrams: Complex Poles and Zeros     807
Amplitude Plots     809
Correcting Straight-Line Amplitude Plots     810
Phase Angle Plots     813
An Abbreviated Table of Trigonometric Identities     817
An Abbreviated Table of Integrals     819
Answers to Selected Problems     821
Index     839

Introduction

Preface

The sixth edition of Electric Circuits is an incremental revision to the most widely used introductory circuits text of the past fifteen years. Importantly, the underlying teaching approaches and philosophies remain unchanged. The goals are:

• To build an understanding of concepts and ideas explicitly in terms of previous learning. The learning challenges faced by students of engineering circuit analysis are prodigious; each new concept is built on a foundation of many other concepts. In Electric Circuits, much attention is paid to helping students recognize how new concepts and ideas fit together with those previously learned.
• To emphasize the relationship between conceptual understanding and problem-solving approaches. Developing the students' problem-solving skills continues to be the central challenge in this course. To address this challenge, Electric Circuits uses examples and simple drill exercises to demonstrate problem-solving approaches and to offer students practice opportunities. We do so not with the primary aim of giving students procedural models for solving problems; rather, we emphasize problem solving as a thought process in which one applies conceptual understanding to the solution of a practical problem. As such, in both the textual development and in the worked-out examples, we place great emphasis on a problem-solving process based on concepts rather than the use of rote procedures. Students are encouraged to think through problems before attacking them, and we often pause to consider the broader implications of a specific problem-solving situation.
• To provide students witha strong foundation of engineering practices. There are limited opportunities in a sophomore-year circuit analysis course to introduce students to real-world engineering experiences. We continue to emphasize the opportunities that do exist by making a strong effort to develop problems and exercises that use realistic values and represent realizable physical situations. We have included many application-type problems and exercises to help stimulate students' interest, in engineering. Many of these problems require the kind of insight an engineer is expected to display when solving problems.

WHAT'S NEW IN THE SIXTH EDITION

We have come to regard each revision of Electric Circuits as an opportunity to make improvements in the book, many of which are based on suggestions from our colleagues and our students. The sixth edition of Electric Circuits continues to support the major learning styles of students in the 1990s as well as to support the major teaching challenges these students present. We increased our focus on motivating the students with examples of practical circuits they have encountered and may have been curious about, and provide more explicit direction in the text for using computer tools such as PSpice and MATLAB to support the study of circuit analysis. The major areas of change are as follows:

Content and Organizational Changes

The most significant change to the sixth edition is the elimination of a separate chapter on mutually coupled coils, with the material being integrated into other chapters. This allows us to present the time-domain equations for mutually-coupled coils as a simple extension of the time domain equations for single inductors in an attempt to "de-mystify" mutually-coupled coils. The applications of mutual coupling, namely linear and ideal transformers, come later, once phasor techniques have been presented. The modifications are summarized as follows:

• The introductory material on mutually-coupled coils, including the time-domain equations and a presentation of the dot convention, has been moved to Chapter 6, which is now entitled "Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance".
• The Practical Perspective relating to mutual inductance has been moved to Chapter 8, as this material can be presented once the natural and step response to second-order circuits has been covered.
• The material on linear and ideal transformers has been added to Chapter 9, after the phasor techniques have been developed. Chapter problems exploring transformers have been added to Chapter 9, while problems dealing with power and transformers have been added to Chapter 10.
• Chapters 13-19 in the fifth edition have been renumbered as Chapters 12-18 in the sixth edition.
• The material describing the design of active broadband bandpass and bandreject filters using combinations of active low-pass and high-pass filters in Chapter 15 has been revised and expanded.
• The material pertaining to pi- and tee-equivalent circuits for mutually-coupled coils and the need for ideal transformers in certain equivalent circuits has become Appendix C. The material covering circuit topology, which was in Appendix C in the fifth edition, has been eliminated.

Practical Perspectives

The fifth edition of Electric Circuits introduced six Practical Perspectives that offered examples of real-world circuits, taken from realworld devices such as telephones, hair dryers, and automobiles. The sixth edition doubles the number of Practical Perspectives, adding them to Chapters 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, and 15. Now, a total of twelve chapters begin with a brief description of a practical application of the material to follow. Once the chapter material is presented, the chapter concludes with a quantitative analysis of the application. Several problems pertaining to the Practical Perspective are included in the chapter problems and are identified with a diamond icon. The Practical Perspectives are designed to stimulate students' interest in applying circuit analysis to the design of useful circuits and devices, and to consider some of the complexities associated with making a working circuit.

Integration of Computer Tools

Computer tools cannot replace the traditional methods for mastering the study of electric circuits. They can, however, assist students in the learning process by providing a visual representation of a circuit's behavior, validating a calculated solution, reducing the computational burden of more complex circuits, and iterating toward a desired solution using parameter variation. This computational support is often invaluable in the design process.

The sixth edition merges the support for two popular computer tools, PSpice and MATLAB, into the main text with the addition of icons identifying chapter problems suited for exploration with one or both of these tools. The icon (P) identifies those problems to investigate with PSpice, while the icon (M) identifies problems to investigate with MATLAB. Instructors are provided with computer files containing the PSpice or MATLAB simulation of the problems so marked.

DESIGN EMPHASIS

We continue to support the emphasis on design of circuits in several ways. First, several of the new practical perspective discussions focus on the design aspects of the circuits. The accompanying chapter problems continue the discussion of the design issues in these practical examples. Second, design oriented chapter problems have been explicitly labeled with a four-diamond icon, enabling students and instructors to identify those problems with a design focus. Third, the identification of problems suited to exploration with PSpice or MATLAB suggests design opportunities using one or both of these computer tools.

Text Design and Pedagogical Features

The sixth edition continues the successful design introduced in the fifth edition, including the following features:

• Practical Perspective introductions are located opposite twelve chapter opening pages and are highlighted with a second-color background.
• Practical Perspective examples at the end of these twelve chapters are set apart in an easy-to-identify separate section.
• Practical Perspective problems in the Chapter Problem sets are indicated with a diamond icon for easy reference.
• Key terms are set in boldface when they are first defined. They also appear in boldface in the chapter summaries. This makes it easier for students to find the definitions of important terms.
• Design problems in the Chapter Problem sets are indicated with a four-diamond icon for easy reference.
• PSpice problems in the Chapter Problem sets are indicated with a (P) icon for easy reference.
• MATLAB problems in the Chapter Problem sets are indicated with a (M) icon for easy reference.

EXAMPLES, DRILL EXERCISES, AND HOMEWORK PROBLEMS

Solved Numerical Examples

Solved numerical examples are used extensively throughout the text to help students understand how theory is applied to circuit analysis. Because many students value worked examples more than any other aspect of the text, these examples represent an important opportunity to influence the development of student's problem-solving behavior. The nature and format of the examples in Electric Circuits are a reflection of the overall teaching approach of the text. When presenting a solution, we place great emphasis on the importance of problem solving as a thought process that applies underlying concepts, as we discussed earlier. By emphasizing this idea – even in the solution of simple problems – we hope to communicate that this approach to problem solving can help students handle the more complex problems they will encounter later on. Some characteristics of the examples include:

• encouraging the student to study the problem or the circuit and to make initial observations before diving into a solution pathway;
• emphasizing the individual stages of the solution as part of solving the problem systematically, without suggesting that there are rote procedures for problem solving;
• exploring decision making, that is, the idea that we are often faced with choosing among many different solution approaches; and
• suggesting that students challenge their results by emphasizing the importance of checking and testing answers based on their knowledge of circuit theory and the real world.

Drill Exercises

Drill exercises are included in the text to give students an opportunity to test their understanding of the material they have just read. The drill exercises are presented in a double-column format as a way of signaling to students that they should stop and solve the exercises before proceeding to the next section. Nearly half of the drill exercises are new or revised.

Homework Problems

Users of Electric Circuits have consistently rated the homework problems as one of the book's most attractive features. In the sixth edition, there are nearly 1000 problems. The problems are designed around the following objectives (in parentheses are the corresponding problem categories identified in the Instructor's Manual and an illustrative problem number):

• To give students practice in using the analytical techniques developed in the text (Practice; see Problem 4.7)
• To show students that analytical techniques are tools, not objectives (Analytical Tool; see Problem 4.2)
• To give students practice in choosing the analytical method to be used in obtaining a solution (Open Method; see Problem 4.49)
• To show students how the results from one solution can be used to find other information about a circuit's operation (Additional Information; see Problem 4.76)
• To encourage students to challenge the solution either by using an alternate method or by testing the solution to see if it makes sense in terms of known circuit behavior (Solution Check; see Problem 4.52)
• To introduce students to design oriented problems (Design; see Problem 10.66)
• To give students practice in deriving and manipulating equations where quantities of interest are expressed as functions of circuit variables such as R, L, C, co, and so forth; this type of problem also supports the design process (Derivation; see Problem 9.27)
• To challenge students with problems that will stimulate their interest in both electrical and computer engineering (Practical; see Problem 3.68)

PREREQUISITES

In writing the first twelve chapters of the text, we have assumed that the reader has taken a course in elementary differential and integral calculus. We have also assumed that the reader has had an introductory physics course, at either the high school or university level, that introduces the concepts of energy, power, electric charge, electric current, electric potential, and electromagnetic fields. In writing the final six chapters, we have assumed the student has had, or is enrolled in, an introductory course in differential equations.

COURSE OPTIONS

The text has been designed for use in a one-semester, two-semester or a three-quarter sequence.

• Single-semester course: After covering Chapters 1-4 and Chapters 6-10 (omitting Sections 7.7 and 8.5) the instructor can choose from Chapter 5 (operational amplifiers), Chapter 11 (three-phase circuits), Chapters 13 and 14 (Laplace methods), and Chapter 18 (Two-Port Circuits) to develop the desired emphasis.
• Two-semester sequence: Assuming three lectures per week, the first nine chapters can be covered during the first semester, leaving Chapters 10-18 for the second semester.
• Academic quarter schedule: The book can be subdivided into three parts: Chapters 1-6, Chapters 7-12, and Chapters 13-18.

The introduction to operational amplifier circuits can be omitted without interference by the reader going to the subsequent chapters. For example, if Chapter 5 is omitted, the instructor can simply skip Section 7.7, Section 8.5, Chapter 15, and those problems and drill exercises in the chapters following Chapter 5 that pertain to operational amplifiers.

There are several appendixes at the end of the book to help readers make effective use of their mathematical background. Appendix A reviews Cramer's method of solving simultaneous linear equations and simple matrix algebra; complex numbers are reviewed in Appendix B; Appendix C contains additional material on mutually-coupled coils and ideal transformers; Appendix D contains a brief discussion of the decibel; Appendix E is devoted to an abbreviated table of trigonometric identities that are useful in circuit analysis; and an abbreviated table of useful integrals is given in Appendix F.

On page xvii there is a comprehensive list of the examples with titles and corresponding page numbers.

SUPPLEMENTS

We have put effort into the development of supplements that capitalize and extend the many strengths of the sixth edition. Students and professors are constantly challenged in terms of time and energy by the confines of the classroom and the importance of integrating new information and technologies into an electric circuits course. Through the following supplements, we believe we have succeeded in making some of these challenges more manageable.

PSpice for Electric Circuits

This supplement is published as a separate booklet, to facilitate its use at a computer. It has been revised extensively from the fifth edition, most importantly to eliminate the "programming language" aspect of the original Spice. Now, circuits are described to PSpice using a circuit schematic, and techniques for developing such schematics are presented in the supplement. This supplement continues to present topics in PSpice in the same order as those topics are presented in the text, so the content has undergone minor revision to reflect the revisions in the text.

Instructor's Manual

The Instructor's Manual enables professors to orient themselves quickly to this text and the supplement package. For easy reference, the following information is organized for each chapter:

• a chapter overview
• problem categorizations
• problem references by chapter section
• a list of examples

Solutions Manual

The solutions manual contains solutions with supporting figures to all of the 900-plus end-of-chapter problems in the sixth edition. Volume I covers Chapters 1-9, and Volume II covers Chapters 11-18. These supplements, available free to all adopting faculty, were checked for accuracy by several instructors. The manuals are not available for sale to students. A disk containing files for PSpice solution and MATLAB solution for all indicated problems is attached to the solutions manual.

Acknowledgments

We continue to express our appreciation for the contributions of Norman Wittels of Worcester Polytechnic Institute. His contributions to the Practical Perspectives greatly enhanced both this edition and the previous one.

There were many hard-working people behind the scenes at both of our publishers who deserve our thanks and gratitude for their efforts on behalf of the sixth edition. At Addison-Wesley, we would like to thank Paul Becker, Anna Eberhard Friedlander, and Royden Tonamura, and hope that they are proud of the finished product. At Prentice Hall, we thank Tom Robbins and Scott Disanno, who eased the transition to our new publisher with humor, graciousness, understanding, and a ton of really hard work.

The many revisions of the text were guided by careful and thorough reviews from professors. Our heartfelt thanks to Bill Eccles, Rose-Hulman Institute; Major Bob Yahn, US Air Force; Thomas Schubert, University of San Diego; Norman Wittles, WPI; Mahmoud A. Abdallah, Central State University; Nadipuram (Ram) Prasad, New Mexico State University; Terry Martin, University of Arkansas; Belle Shenoi, Wright State University; Nurgun Erdol, Florida Atlantic University; Ezz I. El-Masry, DalTech Dalhouise University; John Naber, University of Louisville; Charles P Neuman, Camegie Mellon University; David Grow, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; Dan Moore, Rose-Hulman Institute.

Susan would like to thank Professor James Nilsson for the opportunity to share the work and the rewards of Electric Circuits. She doesn't know a more patient, gracious, and hard-working person, and she continues to learn from him in the process of each revision. Thanks also to her team teachers and colleagues, Susan Schneider and Jeff Hock, who help her to stay focused and sane. Thanks to the sophomore classes of 1997-98 and 1998-99 in Electrical Engineering at Marquette University who helped her rewrite many of the Chapter Problems, often unknowingly. Most important, she thanks her sons David and Jason, who continue to tolerate the long hours and the late meals, and give her hugs when she needs to be re-energized.

James would like to thank Susan for accepting the challenge of becoming a coauthor of Electric Circuits. Her willingness to suggest both pedagogical and content changes and at the same time graciously accept constructive criticism when offered has made the transition to the fifth and sixth editions possible. She brings to the text an expertise in computer use and a genuine interest in and enthusiasm for teaching.

James also thanks Robert Yahn (USAF) and Stephen O'Conner (USAF) for their continued interest in the book. He thanks Professor emeriti Thomas Scott and C. J. Triska at Iowa State University who continue to make valuable suggestions concerning the content and pedagogy of the text. Finally, he acknowledges the cooperation of Jacob Chacko, a transmission and distribution engineer at the Ames Municipal Electric System.

Editorial Reviews

A textbook for electrical engineering students that assumes a background in electrical physics and elementary differential and integral calculus. Material covered includes operational amplifiers, balanced three-phase circuits, sinusoidal steady-state analysis, the Laplace transform, frequency selective circuits, and the Fourier transform. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

Booknews