Table of Contents
Foreword Jim Cummins ix
Acknowledgments xi
Preface xiii
1 Introduction 1
Emergent Bilinguals 1
What's in a Name? 5
This Book 6
2 Who Are the Emergent Bilinguals? 8
How Do We Know Who They Are? 8
How Many Emergent Bilinguals Are There? 9
How Are They Designated? 12
How Are They Reclassified? 13
Where Do They Live and Go to School? 15
What Languages Do They Speak? 17
What Are Their Demographic Characteristics? 19
What Is Their Use of Language? 25
Who Are the Latinx Emergent Bilinguals? 25
Educating Emergent Bilinguals: Knowing Who They Are 28
3 Programs and Policies for Educating Emergent Bilinguals 29
Educational Programs for Emergent Bilinguals 30
A Brief History of Educational Policies for Emergent Bilinguals 35
Programs and Policies for Emergent Bilinguals: Understanding the Shifts 48
4 Bilingualism and Achievement: Theoretical Constructs and Empirical Evidence 50
Theoretical Constructs 50
Empirical Evidence on the Relationship Between Bilingualism and Achievement 64
Educating Emergent Bilinguals: Building on Bilingualism for Academic Success 68
5 Language and Bilingualism: Practices 70
Inequitable Language/Literacy Practices 70
Alternative Language/Literacy Practices 76
Educating Emergent Bilinguals: Incorporating Multilingual Pedagogies 87
6 Affordances of Technology 89
Theoretical Underpinnings 90
Inequitable Access to Digital Technologies 92
How Digital Technologies Can Benefit Emergent Bilinguals 93
Resourcing Emergent Bilinguals' Classrooms 105
Educating Emergent Bilinguals: The Important Role of Technology 106
7 Curriculum and Other Practices 108
Theoretical Curricular and Pedagogical Constructs 109
Inequitable Curricular Opportunities and Resources 115
Alternative Curricular Practices and Preparing Caring Educators 124
Educating Emergent Bilinguals: Embracing Challenge and Care 127
8 Family and Community Engagement 129
Research and Theories on Parental and Community Involvement 130
Inequities in School and Family/Community Relations 135
Alternative Approaches to Parent and Community Engagement 138
Educating Emergent Bilinguals: Re-creating the School-Family-Community Connections 142
9 Assessments 144
Theoretical Constructs in Assessment 145
Inequitable Assessment Practices 150
Alternative Assessment Practices 153
Educating Emergent Bilinguals: Accounting for Fair Assessment 159
10 Signposts: Conclusion and Recommendations 161
What Have We Learned? 161
Signposts: Policy Recommendations 167
Educating Emergent Bilinguals: Alternative Paths 178
Notes 181
References 187
Index 231
About the Authors 241