Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM): A Practical Introduction and Survival Guide
417
Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM): A Practical Introduction and Survival Guide
417eBook2nd ed. 2012 (2nd ed. 2012)
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Overview
This is the second edition of a very popular book on DICOM that introduces this complex standard from a very practical point of view. It is aimed at a broad audience of radiologists, clinical administrators, information technologists, medical students, and lecturers. The book provides a gradual, down to earth introduction to DICOM, accompanied by an analysis of the most common problems associated with its implementation. Compared with the first edition, many improvements and additions have been made, based on feedback from readers. Whether you are running a teleradiology project or writing DICOM software, this book will provide you with clear and helpful guidance. It will prepare you for any DICOM projects or problem solving, and assist you in taking full advantage of multifaceted DICOM functionality.
Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9783642108501 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | Springer-Verlag New York, LLC |
| Publication date: | 10/26/2009 |
| Sold by: | Barnes & Noble |
| Format: | eBook |
| Pages: | 417 |
| File size: | 6 MB |
About the Author
Oleg Pianykh received his graduate training in Applied Math and Computer Science, but has been fascinated by medical imaging since his early student years. This led to his first appointment at Louisiana State University Medical Center in 1998, and has kept him in the medical field ever since – as a developer, researcher, faculty member, business owner, and clinical project manager. These diverse endeavors have helped Dr. Pianykh to learn about DICOM imaging from many various and sometimes unexpected angles. His experiences range from the ground work in DICOM workgroups and committees to hands-on imaging projects in remote community hospitals. In August 2005, soon after being appointed Chief Information Officer for Louisiana Healthcare Network, Dr. Pianykh had to work on rebuilding the statewide PACS grid that was devastated by hurricane Katrina. A year later, he joined Harvard Medical School, where he serves as a clinical faculty member and researcher, teaches medical informatics, and heads DICOM imaging projects. Dr. Pianykh participates in many international projects, provides consultation to DICOM users and companies, and enjoys every single aspect of practical medical informatics.
Table of Contents
Part I: Introduction to Dicom
1 What Is DICOM? 3
2 How Does DICOM Work? 7
3 Where Do You Get DICOM from? 11
3.1 DICOM vs. Digital 11
3.2 DICOM, DICOM-Compatible, DICOM-Ready? 12
3.3 In the Middle of Nowhere 14
4 A Brief History of DICOM 17
4.1 How Did This All Get Started? 17
Part II: Dicom and Clinical Data
5 Parlez-Vous DICOM? 25
5.1 IT Boot Camp 25
5.2 Text vs. Binary 27
5.3 DICOM Grammar: Value Representations 29
5.3.1 VR Length 34
5.3.2 Characters: Foreign and Wild 35
5.3.3 Text VRs: CS, SH, LO, ST, LT, UT 36
5.3.4 Dates and Times: DA, TM, DT, AS 36
5.3.5 Numbers in Text Format: IS, DS 37
5.3.6 Numbers in Binary Format: SS, US, SL, UL, FL, FD, OB, OW, OF, AT 37
5.3.7 PN: Storing Person's Names 38
5.3.8 AE: Naming Application Entities 39
5.3.9 UIDs: Unique Identifiers 39
5.3.10 SQ: Sequencing Data Sets 40
5.3.11 UN: Representing Unknown Values 40
5.4 DICOM Data Dictionary 42
5.4.1 Standard DICOM Data Dictionary 42
5.4.2 Private DICOM Data Dictionaries 45
5.4.3 Standard DICOM Command Dictionary 46
5.5 DICOM Objects 46
5.5.1 Encoding Data Elements 48
5.5.2 Encoding Data Groups 53
5.5.3 Example: Element and Group Lengths 55
5.5.4 Encoding DICOM Data Objects 56
5.5.5 SQ: Encoding DICOM Object Sequences 57
5.5.6 Required and Optional Data Elements 63
5.5.7 Storing Image Data 64
5.5.8 Unique Identifiers 65
5.6 DICOM Information Hierarchy 67
5.6.1 Problems with Patient ID 69
5.6.2 Problems with Study, Series, and Image UIDs 71
5.6.3 Hierarchical and Relational Data 72
5.7 Modules, lODs, and Information Entities 74
5.7.1 Macro Attributes: Makingit Easier 75
5.7.2 Information Modules: Basic Data Blocks 75
5.7.3 Information Entities 79
5.7.4 DICOM Information Objects 80
5.7.5 lODs and Their Instances 81
5.7.6 Learning More 83
6 Medical Images in DICOM 85
6.1 DICOM BMPs 85
6.2 Image Compression 90
6.2.1 Lossless Compression 92
6.2.2 Lossy Compression 93
6.2.3 Streaming Compression 95
6.2.4 Choosing the Right Compression Technique 98
6.3 Working with Digital Medical lmages 101
6.3.1 Image Interpolation 101
6.3.2 Image Reconstructions 103
6.3.3 Grayscale Depth 106
6.3.4 Waveforms 109
Part III: Dicom Communications
7 DICOM SOPs: Basic 115
7.1 Identifying Units on the DICOM Network 116
7.2 Services and Data 120
7.2.1 DIMSE Services 121
7.2.2 Simple DIMSE Example: C-Echo 122
7.2.3 Service-Object Pairs 130
7.2.4 The Verification SOP 131
7.3 Storage 132
7.3.1 C-Store IOD 134
7.3.2 C-Store DIMSE 135
7.4 Query: Find 138
7.4.1 A Few Words on Data Matching in DICOM 140
7.4.2 C-Find IOD 142
7.4.3 C-FindDIMSE 145
7.4.4 C-Cancel 148
7.5 Modality Worklist 149
7.5.1 TheMWLIOD 151
7.5.2 The MWL DIMSE 152
7.6 Basic DICOM Retrieval: C-Get 152
7.6.1 The C-Get IOD n 154
7.6.2 C-Get DIMSE 157
7.7 Advanced DICOM Retrieval: C-Move 159
7.7.1 The C-Move 10D 161
7.7.2 The C-Move DIMSE 162
7.7.3 C-Move vs. C-Get 164
7.8 DICOM Ping, Push, and Pull 166
7.9 Gentleman's Toolkit 167
7.10 Matching Application Roles 167
8 DICOM SOPs: Beyond Basic 171
8.1 Storage Commitment 171
8.2 Secondary Capture 172
8.3 Structured Reports 173
8.4 Encapsulated PDFs 175
8.5 Hardcopy Printing 177
9 DICOM Associations 179
9.1 Association Establishment Basics 180
9.2 Association Establishment 182
9.3 Abstract Syntax 182
9.4 Transfer Syntax 187
9.5 Application Context 190
9.6 Presentation Context 192
9.7 User information 195
9.8 Protocol Data Unit 197
9.8.1 A-Associate-RQ 199
9.8.2 A-Associate-AC 200
9.8.3 A-Associate-Rf 203
9.8.4 A-Abort 204
9.8.5 A-Release-RQ and A-Release-RP 204
9.8.6 P-Data-TF 205
9.8.7 How Associations Terminate 206
9.9 What Do I Do When it Fails? 207
9.10 Point-to-Point Spell 209
9.11 Networking: Standard and Beyond 213
Part IV: Dicom Media and Security
10 DICOM Media: Files, Folders, and DICOMDIRs 221
10.1 DICOM File Format 222
10.1.1 Preamble and D1CM Prefix 222
10.1.2 Group 0002: DICOM File Meta Information 223
10.1.3 Data Object 225
10.1.4 DICOM File IDs and Names 225
10.2 Special DICOM File Formats 227
10.2.1 DICOMDIR 227
10.2.2 Secure DICOM File Format 234
10.3 DICOM File Services 234
10.3.1 DICOM File Set 235
10.3.2 File Management Roles and Services 235
10.4 Grains of Salt 238
10.4.1 DICOMDIR 238
10.4.2 Media Storage 240
10.4.3 Please, Send Us Some Film! 241
10.4.4 Export and Import 241
10.5 Storing DICOM Data in PACS 242
10.5.1 File-Based PACS Storage 243
10.5.2 Database-Based PACS Storage 244
10.5.3 Mixed PACS Storage Models 245
10.5.4 Choice of Internal File Format 246
11 DICOM Security 247
11.1 DICOM Hacking 247
11.2 Securing the Workflow 249
11.3 Securing the Data 251
11.3.1 Anonymization 251
11.3.2 Encryption 256
11.3.2.1 How it All Works 256
11.3.2.2 Encrypting the Data 258
11.3.2.3 Verifying Data Integrity 258
11.3.2.4 Validating Data Origin 259
11.4 Concluding Remarks on Security 261
12 Incompatibility of Compatible 263
12.1 DICOM Conformance 263
12.2 Testing, Testing, and Yes, More Testing 264
12.3 Who Wants DICOM? 266
12.4 DICOM from a Black Box 267
12.5 "Home-Made" DICOMs 268
12.6 Open-Source DICOM 269
Part V: Advanced Topics
13 DICOM and Teleradiology 275
13.1 Can I See the Image? 275
13.2 You're Got Mail 278
13.3 Teleradiology 280
13.4 DICOM and the WWW 286
13.5 "DICOM Email" 289
13.6 From PACS to PDAs? 292
13.7 Starting Your Teleradiology Project 295
13.8 Conclusion 298
14 Standards and System Integration in Digital Medicine 301
14.1 HL7: HIS and RIS 302
14.2 Integration Problems 305
14.2.1 Data Integration 307
14.2.2 Application Integration 308
14.3 IHE: Integration Profiles 309
15 Disaster PACS Planning and Management 313
15.1 What it Takes to Kill a PACS 313
15.2 Extreme PACS 316
15.2.1 Digging in the Dirt 317
15.2.2 Confidentiality and Security 319
15.2.3 Archiving 320
15.2.4 Disaster-Proof PACS Design 320
16 DICOM Software Development 325
16.1 Developing DICOM from Scratch 325
16.2 The "I just need to open this DICOM file" Project 325
16.3 Implementing DICOM 326
16.4 Learning from Others 329
17 DICOM Implementation Plans 331
17.1 Imaging Center 331
17.2 Teleradiology Center 332
17.3 Hospital 334
17.4 Image-Processing Laboratory 335
18 DICOM FAQs 339
18.1 Frequent Problems 339
18.1.1 I Want to Go Digital. How Do I Start? 339
18.1.2 How Do I Distinguish DICOM Files from Others? 339
18.1.3 I Am Trying to Open a File in My DICOM Program, and it Does Not Open 340
18.1.4 What Is DICOMDIR? 340
18.1.5 I Send a Study to My DICOM Device, but it Never Gets There 341
18.1.6 I Send a Study to My PACS Archive: it Arrives There, but Becomes Merged with Another Study (Patient) 341
18.1.7 I Need to Send This Study to a Remote Facility 341
18.1.8 I Open a DICOM Image in My Software, and it Looks Wrong 342
18.1.9 I Do Some Image Editing on My PACS, but When I Send it to Another System, the Editing Is Missing 342
18.1.10 Can I Break My DICOM Device if I DICOM-Connect it to Another? 342
18.2 Naive Questions that Physicians Like to Ask and Salesmen Like to Brag About 343
18.2.1 Do I Get the Original Image Resolution if I Buy Your PACS? 343
18.2.2 Is Your System Web-Based? 343
18.2.3 Can You Connect to My CT Scanner (MR, Ultrasound, Positron Emission Tomography, and so on)? 344
18.2.4 Do You Have 3D Imaging (Perfusion, Diffusion, Volume Measurements, and so on)? 344
18.2.5 Does Your System Support Multitasking (e.g., Multithreading, 64-bit Processors)? 345
18.2.6 Can I Use Your System for Teleradiology? 345
18.2.7 How Fast Can You Transfer the Images? 346
18.2.8 How Much Data Can I Store in Your PACS? 346
18.2.9 Is Your DICOM Software Secure? 347
18.2.10 Do You Have Full-Fidelity DICOM? 347
Appendix 351
DICOM Transfer Syntaxes 351
DICOM SOPs 353
C-Find Bytes 359
References 379
Subject Index 381