Digital Image Processing / Edition 4

by Rafael Gonzalez, Richard Woods

Overview

Introduce your students to image processing with the industry’s most prized text

For 40 years, Image Processing has been the foundational text for the study of digital image processing. The book is suited for students at the college senior and first-year graduate level with prior background in mathematical analysis, vectors, matrices, probability, statistics, linear systems, and computer programming. As in all earlier editions, the focus of this edition of the book is on fundamentals.

The 4th Edition, which celebrates the book’s 40th anniversary, is based on an extensive survey of faculty, students, and independent readers in 150 institutions from 30 countries. Their feedback led to expanded or new coverage of topics such as deep learning and deep neural networks, including convolutional neural nets, the scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT), maximally-stable extremal regions (MSERs), graph cuts, k-means clustering and superpixels, active contours (snakes and level sets), and exact histogram matching. Major improvements were made in reorganizing the material on image transforms into a more cohesive presentation, and in the discussion of spatial kernels and spatial filtering. Major revisions and additions were made to examples and homework exercises throughout the book. For the first time, we added MATLAB projects at the end of every chapter, and compiled support packages for you and your teacher containing, solutions, image databases, and sample code.

The support materials for this title can be found at www.ImageProcessingPlace.com

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780133356724
Publisher:	Pearson Education
Publication date:	03/20/2017
Edition description:	New Edition
Pages:	1192
Product dimensions:	7.50(w) x 9.30(h) x 1.70(d)

About the Author

Rafael C. Gonzalez received the B.S.E.E. degree from the University of Miami in 1965 and the M.E. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Florida, Gainesville, in 1967 and 1970, respectively. He joined the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at University of Tennessee, Knoxville (UTK) in 1970, where he became Associate Professor in 1973, Professor in 1978, and Distinguished Service Professor in 1984. He served as Chairman of the department from 1994 through 1997. He is currently a Professor Emeritus at UTK.

Gonzalez is the founder of the Image & Pattern Analysis Laboratory and the Robotics & Computer Vision Laboratory at the University of Tennessee. He also founded Perceptics Corporation in 1982 and was its president until 1992. The last three years of this period were spent under a full-time employment contract with Westinghouse Corporation, who acquired the company in 1989.

Under his direction, Perceptics became highly successful in image processing, computer vision, and laser disk storage technology. In its initial ten years, Perceptics introduced a series of innovative products, including: The world's first commercially-available computer vision system for automatically reading the license plate on moving vehicles; a series of large-scale image processing and archiving systems used by the U.S. Navy at six different manufacturing sites throughout the country to inspect the rocket motors of missiles in the Trident II Submarine Program; the market leading family of imaging boards for advanced Macintosh computers; and a line of trillion-byte laserdisc products.

He is a frequent consultant to industry and government in the areas of pattern recognition, image processing, and machine learning. His academic honors for work in these fields include the 1977 UTK College of Engineering Faculty Achievement Award; the 1978 UTK Chancellor's Research Scholar Award; the 1980 Magnavox Engineering Professor Award; and the 1980 M.E. Brooks Distinguished Professor Award. In 1981 he became an IBM Professor at the University of Tennessee and in 1984 he was named a Distinguished Service Professor there. He was awarded a Distinguished Alumnus Award by the University of Miami in 1985, the Phi Kappa Phi Scholar Award in 1986, and the University of Tennessee's Nathan W. Dougherty Award for Excellence in Engineering in 1992.

Honors for industrial accomplishment include the 1987 IEEE Outstanding Engineer Award for Commercial Development in Tennessee; the 1988 Albert Rose Nat'l Award for Excellence in Commercial Image Processing; the 1989 B. Otto Wheeley Award for Excellence in Technology Transfer; the 1989 Coopers and Lybrand Entrepreneur of the Year Award; the 1992 IEEE Region 3 Outstanding Engineer Award; and the 1993 Automated Imaging Association National Award for Technology Development.

Gonzalez is author or co-author of over 100 technical articles, two edited books, and four textbooks in the fields of pattern recognition, image processing and robotics. His books are used in over 500 universities and research institutions throughout the world. He is listed in the prestigious Marquis Who's Who in America, Marquis Who's Who in Engineering, Marquis Who's Who in the World, and in 10 other national and international biographical citations. He ii is the co-holder of two U.S. Patents, and has been an associate editor of the IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, and the International Journal of Computer and Information Sciences. He is a member of numerous professional and honorary societies, including Tau Beta Pi, Phi Kappa Phi, Eta Kapp Nu, and Sigma Xi. He is a Fellow of the IEEE.

Richard E. Woods earned his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering from the University of Tennessee, Knoxville in 1975, 1977, and 1980, respectively. He became an Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in 1981 and was recognized as a Distinguished Engineering Alumnus in 1986.

A veteran hardware and software developer, Dr. Woods has been involved in the founding of several high-technology startups, including Perceptics Corporation, where he was responsible for the development of the company’s quantitative image analysis and autonomous decision-making products; MedData Interactive, a high technology company specializing in the development of handheld computer systems for medical applications; and Interapptics, an internet-based company that designs desktop and handheld computer applications.

Dr. Woods currently serves on several nonprofit educational and media-related boards, including Johnson University, and was recently a summer English instructor at the Beijing Institute of Technology. He is the holder of a U.S. Patent in the area of digital image processing and has published two textbooks, as well as numerous articles related to digital signal processing. Dr. Woods is a member of several professional societies, including Tau Beta Pi, Phi Kappa Phi, and the IEEE.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction

What Is Digital Image Processing?

The Origins of Digital Image Processing

Examples of Fields that Use Digital Image Processing

Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing

Components of an Image Processing System

2. Digital Image Fundamentals

Elements of Visual Perception

Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum. Image Sensing and Acquisition

Image Sampling and Quantization

Some Basic Relationships Between Pixels

An Introduction to the Mathematical Tools Used in Digital Image Processing

3. Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering

Background

Some Basic Intensity Transformation Functions

Histogram Processing. Fundamentals of Spatial Filtering

Smoothing Spatial Filters

Sharpening Spatial Filters

Combining Spatial Enhancement Methods

Using Fuzzy Techniques for Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering

4. Filtering in the Frequency Domain

Background

Preliminary Concepts

Sampling and the Fourier Transform of Sampled Functions

The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) of One Variable

Extension to Functions of Two Variables

Some Properties of the 2-D Discrete Fourier Transform

The Basics of Filtering in the Frequency Domain

Image Smoothing Using Frequency Domain Filters

Image Sharpening Using Frequency Domain Filters

Selective Filtering

Implementation

5. Image Restoration and Reconstruction

A Model of the Image Degradation/Restoration Process

Noise Models

Restoration in the Presence of Noise Only–Spatial Filtering

Periodic Noise Reduction by Frequency Domain Filtering

Linear, Position-Invariant Degradations. Estimating the Degradation Function

Inverse Filtering

Minimum Mean Square Error (Wiener) Filtering

Constrained Least Squares Filtering. Geometric Mean Filter

Image Reconstruction from Projections.

6. Color Image Processing

Color Fundamentals

Color Models

Pseudocolor Image Processing

Basics of Full-Color Image Processing

Color Transformations. Smoothing and Sharpening

Image Segmentation Based on Color

Noise in Color Images

Color Image Compression

7. Wavelets and Multiresolution Processing

Background

Multiresolution Expansions

Wavelet Transforms in One Dimension

The Fast Wavelet Transform

Wavelet Transforms in Two

Preface

When something can be read without effort,
great effort has gone into its writing.
— Enrique Jardiel Poncela

This edition is the most comprehensive revision of Digital Image Processing since the book first appeared in 1977. As the 1977 and 1987 editions by Gonzalez and Wintz, and the 1992 edition by Gonzalez and Woods, the present edition was prepared with students and instructors in mind. Thus, the principal objectives of the book continue to be to provide an introduction to basic concepts and methodologies for digital image processing, and to develop a foundation that can be used as the basis for further study and research in this field. To achieve these objectives, we again focused on material that we believe is fundamental and has a scope of application that is not limited to the solution of specialized problems. The mathematical complexity of the book remains at a level well within the grasp of college seniors and first-year graduate students who have introductory preparation in mathematical analysis, vectors, matrices, probability, statistics, and rudimentary computer programming.

The present edition was influenced significantly by a recent market survey conducted by Prentice Hall. The major findings of this survey were:

1. A need for more motivation in the introductory chapter regarding the spectrum of applications of digital image processing.
2. A simplification and shortening of material in the early chapters in order to "get to the subject matter" as quickly as possible.
3. A more intuitive presentation in some areas, such as image transforms and image restoration.
4. Individual chapter coverage of color image processing, wavelets, and image morphology.
5. An increase in the breadth of problems at the end of each chapter.

The reorganization that resulted in this edition is our attempt at providing a reasonable degree of balance between rigor in the presentation, the findings of the market survey, and suggestions made by students, readers, and colleagues since the last edition of the book. The major changes made in the book are as follows.

Chapter 1 was rewritten completely. The main focus of the current treatment is on examples of areas that use digital image processing. While far from exhaustive, the examples shown will leave little doubt in the reader's mind regarding the breadth of application of digital image processing methodologies. Chapter 2 is totally new also. The focus of the presentation in this chapter is on how digital images are generated, and on the closely related concepts of sampling, abasing, Moire patterns, and image zooming and shrinking. The new material and the manner in which these two chapters were reorganized address, directly the first two findings in the market survey mentioned above.

Chapters 3 though 6 in the current edition cover the same concepts as Chapters 3 through 5 in the previous edition, but the scope is expanded and the presentation is totally different. In the previous edition, Chapter 3 was devote(( exclusively to image transforms. One of the major changes in the book is that image transforms are now introduced when they are needed. This allowed us to begin discussion of image processing techniques much earlier than before, further addressing the second finding of the market survey. Chapters 3 and 4 in the current edition deal with image enhancement, as opposed to a single chapter (Chapter 4) in the previous edition. The new organization of this material doe; not imply that image enhancement is more important than other areas. Rather we used it as an avenue to introduce spatial methods for image processing; (Chapter 3), as well as the Fourier transform, the frequency domain, and image filtering (Chapter 4). Our purpose for introducing these concepts in the context of image enhancement (a subject particularly appealing to beginners) was to increase the level of intuitiveness in the presentation, thus addressing partially, the third major finding in the marketing survey. This organization also gives instructors flexibility in the amount of frequency-domain material they wish to ever.

Chapter 5 also was rewritten completely in a more intuitive manner. The coverage of this topic in earlier editions of the book was based on matrix theory. Although unified and elegant, this type of presentation is difficult to follow particularly by undergraduates. The new presentation covers essentially the same ground, but the discussion does not rely on matrix theory and is much easier to understand, due in part to numerous new examples. The price paid fog this newly gained simplicity is the loss of a unified approach, in the sense the in the earlier treatment a number of restoration results could be derived from one basic formulation. On balance, however, we believe that readers (especially beginners) will find the new treatment much more appealing and easier to follow. Also, as indicated below, the old material is stored in the book Web site for easy access by individuals preferring to follow a matrix-theory formulation.

Chapter 6 dealing with color image processing is new. Interest in this area ha increased significantly in the past few years as a result of growth in the use a digital images for Internet applications. Our treatment of this topic represent) a significant expansion of the material from previous editions. Similarly Chapter 7, dealing with wavelets, is new. In addition to a number of signal processing applications, interest in this area is motivated by the need for mop sophisticated methods for image compression, a topic that in turn is motivate; by a increase in the number of images transmitted over the Internet or store; in web servers. Chapter 8 dealing with image compression was updated to in dude new compression methods and standards, but its fundamental structure remains the same as in the previous edition. Several image transforms, previous)) covered in Chapter 3 and whose principal use is compression, were moved to this chapter.

Chapter 9, dealing with image morphology, is new. It is based on a significant expansion of the material previously included as a section in the chapter on image representation and description. Chapter 10, dealing with image segmentation, has the same basic structure as before, but numerous new examples were included and a new section on segmentation by morphological watersheds was added. Chapter 11, dealing with image representation and description, was shortened slightly by the removal of the material now included in Chapter 9. New examples were added and the Hotelling transform (description by principal components), previously included in Chapter 3, was moved to this chapter. Chapter 12 dealing with object recognition was shortened by the removal of topics dealing with knowledge-based image analysis, a topic now covered in considerable detail in a number of books which we reference in Chapters 1 and 12. Experience since the last edition of Digital Image Processing indicates that the new, shortened coverage of object recognition is a logical place at which to conclude the book.

Although the book is totally self-contained, we have established a companion web site (see inside front cover) designed to provide support to users of the book. For students following a formal course of study or individuals embarked on a program of self study, the site contains a number of tutorial reviews on background material such as probability, statistics, vectors, and matrices, prepared at a basic level and written using the same notation as in the book. Detailed solutions to many of the exercises in the book also are provided. For instruction, the site contains suggested teaching outlines, classroom presentation materials, laboratory experiments, and various image databases (including most images from the book). In addition, part of the material removed from the previous edition is stored in the web site for easy download and classroom use, at the discretion of the instructor. A downloadable instructor's manual containing sample curricula, solutions to sample laboratory experiments, and solutions to all problems in the book is available to instructors who have adopted the book for classroom use.

This edition of Digital Image Processing is a reflection of the significant progress that has been made in this field in just the past decade. As is usual in a project such as this, progress continues after work on the manuscript stops. One of the reasons earlier versions of this book have been so well accepted throughout the world is their emphasis on fundamental concepts, an approach that, among other things, attempts to provide a measure of constancy in a rapidly-evolving body of knowledge. We have tried to observe that same principle in preparing this edition of the book.

R.C.G.
R.E.W.

Editorial Reviews

Second edition of a respected textbook in a rapidly evolving field. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

Booknews