Dark Symbols, Obscure Signs: God, Self, And Community In The Slave Mind
In Dark Symbols, Obscure Signs, Riggins R. Earl Jr. investigates how slave owners intentionally manipulated Christianity as they passed it on to slaves and demonstrates how slaves successfully challenged that distorted interpretation. Analyzing slaves’ response to Christianity as expressed in testimonies, songs, stories, and sermons, Earl reveals the conversion experience as the initial step toward an autonomy that defied white control. Contrary to what their white owners expected or desired, enslaved African Americans found in Christianity a life-affirming identity and strong sense of community.

Slave owners believed Christianity would instill docility and obedience, but the slaves discovered in the Bible a different message, sharing among themselves the “dark symbols and obscure signs” that escaped the notice of their captors. Finding a sense of liberation rather than submission in their conversion experience, slaves discovered their own self-worth and their values as children of God.

Originally published in 1993, Dark Symbols, Obscure Signs traces the legacy of slaves’ embrace of Christianity both during and after the slavery era. In a new introduction, the author places the book within the context of contemporary scholarship on the roots of the African American cultural experience. He argues that any interpretation of this experience must begin with a foundational study of the theological and ethical constructs that have shaped the way blacks understand themselves in relationship to God, their oppressors, and each other.

The Author: Riggins R. Earl Jr. teaches at the Interdenominational Theological Center in Atlanta.
1111990969
Dark Symbols, Obscure Signs: God, Self, And Community In The Slave Mind
In Dark Symbols, Obscure Signs, Riggins R. Earl Jr. investigates how slave owners intentionally manipulated Christianity as they passed it on to slaves and demonstrates how slaves successfully challenged that distorted interpretation. Analyzing slaves’ response to Christianity as expressed in testimonies, songs, stories, and sermons, Earl reveals the conversion experience as the initial step toward an autonomy that defied white control. Contrary to what their white owners expected or desired, enslaved African Americans found in Christianity a life-affirming identity and strong sense of community.

Slave owners believed Christianity would instill docility and obedience, but the slaves discovered in the Bible a different message, sharing among themselves the “dark symbols and obscure signs” that escaped the notice of their captors. Finding a sense of liberation rather than submission in their conversion experience, slaves discovered their own self-worth and their values as children of God.

Originally published in 1993, Dark Symbols, Obscure Signs traces the legacy of slaves’ embrace of Christianity both during and after the slavery era. In a new introduction, the author places the book within the context of contemporary scholarship on the roots of the African American cultural experience. He argues that any interpretation of this experience must begin with a foundational study of the theological and ethical constructs that have shaped the way blacks understand themselves in relationship to God, their oppressors, and each other.

The Author: Riggins R. Earl Jr. teaches at the Interdenominational Theological Center in Atlanta.
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Dark Symbols, Obscure Signs: God, Self, And Community In The Slave Mind

Dark Symbols, Obscure Signs: God, Self, And Community In The Slave Mind

by Riggins R. Earl
Dark Symbols, Obscure Signs: God, Self, And Community In The Slave Mind

Dark Symbols, Obscure Signs: God, Self, And Community In The Slave Mind

by Riggins R. Earl

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Overview

In Dark Symbols, Obscure Signs, Riggins R. Earl Jr. investigates how slave owners intentionally manipulated Christianity as they passed it on to slaves and demonstrates how slaves successfully challenged that distorted interpretation. Analyzing slaves’ response to Christianity as expressed in testimonies, songs, stories, and sermons, Earl reveals the conversion experience as the initial step toward an autonomy that defied white control. Contrary to what their white owners expected or desired, enslaved African Americans found in Christianity a life-affirming identity and strong sense of community.

Slave owners believed Christianity would instill docility and obedience, but the slaves discovered in the Bible a different message, sharing among themselves the “dark symbols and obscure signs” that escaped the notice of their captors. Finding a sense of liberation rather than submission in their conversion experience, slaves discovered their own self-worth and their values as children of God.

Originally published in 1993, Dark Symbols, Obscure Signs traces the legacy of slaves’ embrace of Christianity both during and after the slavery era. In a new introduction, the author places the book within the context of contemporary scholarship on the roots of the African American cultural experience. He argues that any interpretation of this experience must begin with a foundational study of the theological and ethical constructs that have shaped the way blacks understand themselves in relationship to God, their oppressors, and each other.

The Author: Riggins R. Earl Jr. teaches at the Interdenominational Theological Center in Atlanta.

Product Details

ISBN-13: 9781572332171
Publisher: University of Tennessee Press
Publication date: 03/31/2003
Edition description: First Edition, First Edition
Pages: 264
Product dimensions: 6.00(w) x 8.90(h) x 0.80(d)

About the Author

The Author: Riggins R. Earl Jr. teaches at the Interdenominational Theological Center in Atlanta.

Table of Contents

Prefacexi
Introduction 2003xv
Introduction: Revaluing the Slave Experience1
Interpretations of Primary Sources2
Primary Intentions4
1.The Slave: A Child of God?9
The Foundational Problem
The Ideal Response Types11
The Naturalist Type11
The Ideal Christian Master Type15
The Hermeneutical Circle of Double Negativity22
2.Duty, Bondage, and Pedagogy24
Bondage and Christian Duty25
The Marginal Servant Class25
Christian Apologists, Conscience, and Duty27
Duties and Methods of Pedagogy34
Conversion toj Christ and a Model Slave35
Oral Instructions and Christian Servility38
Sambo and Toney: The Stereotypical Dialogue41
Baptism as the Final Rite of Passage into Servitude43
3.The Self in the Self Response46
Creation Stories of the Slave Community47
Adam and Eve47
The Cave Story49
The Black Body as the Devil's Work51
Conversion and Transcendence52
Morte's Conversion Story54
An Embodied Soul Experience58
Hell's Dark Door59
The Timeless Place of Heaven62
Moral Empowerment: Doing and Being for Others65
4.The Spirituals: Community in Song70
Three Pedagogical Types71
The Communal Confessional Type72
The Individual Confessional Type77
The Dialogic Type92
5.Ex-Slaves Tell Their Stories104
The Right to Tell Their Own Stories104
White Readers' Responses108
Autobiography and Self-Autonomy: Two Dominant Themes110
"I Think and Feel, Therefore I Am"110
Countering the "Mammy" and "Jezebel" Stereotypes113
Styles of Autobiographical Narration120
Unconventional120
Conventional123
6.Brer Rabbit Stories131
Weak Body and Strong Mind
Facts and Fiction131
Brer Rabbit and the Male Slave131
High John and Brer Rabbit: The Making of a Myth132
Brer Rabbit: A White Man's Version134
"Sense Do Not Stand for Goodness"136
"They Will All Come Slippin' In"137
"This Is All the Far the Tale Goes"138
Brer Rabbit: Black Perspectives140
Brer Rabbit as Told by Simon Brown140
Brer Rabbit as Told by Congaree River Blacks143
Self-Preservationist and Ethical Realism145
God, Creation, and Brer Rabbit147
Work, Play, and God149
The Ethic of Playful Versatility149
God, Rabbit, and Play153
Philosophical Implications: The Myth about Laughter155
7.Foundational Elements159
Self, God, and Community
Four Ideal Types of the Narrative Self160
Conversion and the Soul Narrative Self160
The Autobiographic Genre and the Rational Narrative Self176
The Trickster Genre and the Playful Narrative Self179
The Spiritual Song and the Dialogical Narrative Self182
Implications for Further Study185
Notes187
Bibliography203
Index221
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