Table of Contents
Foreword ix
Preface xiii
The Conception of Infancy 1
The Developmental Phase of Infancy 1
The Scientific Study of Infancy 3
The Psychobiology of Infancy 5
Infant Preparedness for Social Learning: Brain Development During Infancy 5
Learning as the Human Mode of Development 7
Learning Relationships: The Acquisition of a Social Matrix 8
The Component Model of Parenting 14
The Concept of Culture 30
The Sociodemographic Portrait of Traditional Rural Village Life 33
The Sociodemographic Portrait of Western Urban Middle-Class Families 47
Conclusion: Two Cultural Prototypes 51
The Research Methodology: Infancy Assessment 53
Recruitment of Study Participants 53
Procedures 57
Cultural Models of Parenting 90
The Social World of Infants 91
Parenting Strategies 102
Variations of Independence and Interdependence 161
Urban Middle-Class Families in Traditionally Interdependent Societies 163
The Cultural Model of Parenting in Families With an Assumed Autonomous-Related Orientation 170
The Rural-Urban Difference Within Societies 184
Historical Changes 205
Generational Changes 212
Conclusion 217
Relations Among the Dimensions of the Parenting Model 218
Relations Among Socialization Goals, Family Orientation, and Parenting Ethnotheories 219
Relations Among Socialization Goals, Discourse Style and Content in Ethnotheory Interviews, and Observed Parenting Behavior 222
Relations Among Socialization Goals, Discourse Style and Content, Conversational Style, and Nonverbal Parenting Behavior 226
Conclusion 226
Developmental Consequences of the Early Parenting Experiences 228
The Development of Self-Recognition 229
The Development of Self-Regulation 231
Assessing Self-Recognition 232
Assessing Self-Regulation 235
Contingency Experience and Mirror Self-Recognition 242
The Role of Fathers for Mirror Self-Recognition in German Toddlers 244
Summary 245
Developmental Milestones of Self-Development Beyond Infancy 246
Outlook 250
Cultural Models of Parenting and Developmental Pathways: Synthesis and Conclusion 251
The Nature of the Two Parenting Styles 257
The Relation Between Behaviors and Ideas 263
The Role of Education 264
Cultural Pathways of Development 267
Beyond a Western Independent Bias 270
References 271
Author Index 305
Subject Index 315