Context-Aware Pervasive Systems: Architectures for a New Breed of Applications / Edition 1

by Seng Loke

Overview

The concept of aware systems is among the most exciting trends in computing today, fueled by recent developments in pervasive computing, including new computers worn by users, embedded devices, smart appliances, sensors, and varieties of wireless networking technology. Context-Aware Pervasive Systems: The Architecture of a New Breed of Applications introduces a diverse set of application areas and provides blueprints for building context-aware behavior into applications.

Reviewing the anatomy of context-aware pervasive applications, this resource covers abstract architecture. It examines mobile services, appliances, smart devices, software agents, electronic communication, sensor networks, security frameworks, and intelligent software agents. The book also discusses the use of context awareness for communication among people, devices, and software agents and how sensors can be aware of their own situations. Exploring the use of physical context for controlling and enhancing security in pervasive computing environments, this guide addresses mirror worlds and elucidates design perspectives based on a declarative programming language paradigm.

This carefully paced volume presents a timely and relevant introduction to the emergence of context-aware systems and brings together architectures and principles of context-aware computing in one source.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780367389765
Publisher:	Taylor & Francis
Publication date:	10/23/2019
Pages:	240
Product dimensions:	6.12(w) x 9.19(h) x (d)

Table of Contents

1 What Is Context-Aware Behavior? 1

1.1 Current Computing Trends: From the Virtual to the Physical 2

1.2 Context, Context Awareness, and Situations 4

1.3 When Systems Become Context Aware 7

1.4 An Overview of This Book 8

References 10

2 The Structure and Elements of Context-Aware Pervasive Systems 13

2.1 Analogies 13

2.2 The Elements of a Context-Aware Pervasive System 15

2.2.1 Sensing 15

2.2.2 Thinking 20

2.2.3 Acting 24

2.3 An Abstract Architecture 24

2.4 Infrastructures, Middleware, and Toolkits 26

2.5 Issues of Security, Privacy, and Efficiency 27

2.6 Summary 27

References 28

3 Context-Aware Mobile Services 31

3.1 The Rise of Mobile Services 31

3.2 Context for Mobile Device Users 33

3.3 Location-Based Services 33

3.4 Ambient Services 34

3.4.1 PointRock Example 37

3.4.2 Future E-Martketplaces 38

3.4.3 Office Building Example 42

3.4.4 A Software Architecture for Ambient Services 44

3.5 From Ambient Services to Place-Based E-Communities 49

3.5.1 Interaction between User and Community Server 50

3.5.2 Interaction between User and Multiple Communities: Impact of User Movement 51

3.6 Enhancing Context-Aware Mobile Services with Mobile Code and Policy: The MHS Example 52

3.6.1 MHS Architecture 53

3.6.1.1 Policy Conflict Resolution 54

3.6.2 Context-Based Policy Control of Media Player Service 55

3.6.3 Partial Control between User and System 60

3.6.4 MHS Summary 61

3.7 Enhancing Context-Aware Mobile Services with Multiagent Technology: The Example of Proximity-Based Reverse Auctions 61

3.7.1 Proximity-Based Reverse Auctions 61

3.7.2 A System for Proximity-Based Reverse Auctions 63

3.7.2.1 Architectural Overview 63

3.7.2.2 From the User's Viewpoint 65

3.7.2.3 Interaction Protocols 67

3.7.2.4 Observing Auctions via Auction Events 68

3.8 Summary and Further Developments 70

Acknowledgment 71

References 71

4 Context-Aware Artifacts 75

4.1 Aware Objects 75

4.2 Architectural Design Space for a Context-Aware Artifact 82

4.3 Context-Aware Mobile Phones: An Illustration 84

4.3.1 Overview of a Framework for Context-Aware Mobile Phone with User Preferences: The CAMP-UP System 84

4.3.2 CAMP-UP System Interaction 85

4.3.2.1 On the Space Side 87

4.3.2.2 On the Client Side 88

4.3.3 Prototype and Discussions 90

4.3.4 Scenarios 93

4.4 Summary 99

References 100

5 Context-Aware Mobile Software Agents for Interaction with Web Services in Mobile Environments 105

5.1 Agents: Mobile and Intelligent 105

5.2 Scenarios 106

5.3 A Brief Review of Agent Platforms for Ubiquitous Computing 108

5.4 CALMA Architecture 109

5.4.1 CALMA Agent Model 111

5.4.2 Server Component 115

5.4.3 Mobile Device Component 116

5.5 Prototype Implementation and Evaluation 116

5.5.1 Illustrative Scenarios 117

5.5.1.1 Booking Movie Tickets 117

5.5.1.2 Finding an IDD Calling Card 117

5.5.2 Enabling Lightweight Behavior 120

5.5.3 Enabling Context Awareness 122

5.5.4 Performance Evaluation 122

5.6 Summary 124

Acknowledgments 125

References 125

6 Context-Aware Addressing and Communication for People, Things, and Software Agents 127

6.1 Context-Aware Communication for People 128

6.1.1 Application Types 128

6.1.2 Call Services 131

6.1.3 More Applications 132

6.1.4 Summary 133

6.2 Context-Aware Addressing and Commanding for Objects 133

6.2.1 Application Types 133

6.2.2 A View from Situation Semantics 134

6.2.3 Summary 137

6.3 Context-Aware Communication for Software Agents 138

6.3.1 Addressing Agents via Context 138

6.3.2 Applications 139

6.4 Summary and Conclusion 140

References 141

7 Context-Aware Sensor Networks 143

7.1 Context-Aware Sensors: The Concept 143

7.2 A Framework for Context-Aware Sensors 145

7.2.1 Sensor Roles 145

7.2.2 Categorizing Energy Consumption 146

7.2.2.1 Input Alphabet 146

7.2.2.2 Output Alphabet 147

7.2.2.3 Energy States 148

7.2.3 Architecture 148

7.3 Implementation and Application Scenario 152

7.3.1 Experimental Investigations 153

7.4 Summary 156

Acknowledgment 156

References 157

8 Contest-Aware Security 159

8.1 Traditional Security Issues and Models 161

8.2 Context-Aware Security Systems 162

8.2.1 Examples 162

8.2.2 Context-Aware Policies 164

8.2.2.1 Contextual Graphs 165

8.2.2.2 Logic 166

8.2.2.3 Roles 167

8.3 From Context-Aware Security to Context-Aware Safety 169

8.4 Summary 170

References 170

9 Context Awareness and Mirror-World Models 173

9.1 Gelernter's Mirror Worlds 173

9.2 Nexus 175

9.3 Virtual Worlds, Virtual Environments 176

9.3.1 Aura, Focus, and Nimbus: Virtual Objects and Real-World Objects 177

9.4 Digital Cities 181

9.5 Aware Spaces: Smart Environments and Smart Spaces 183

9.6 Mirror Worlds: Context and Ontologies 185

9.7 Summary 186

References 186

10 Constructing Context-Aware Pervasive Systems: Declarative Approaches and Design Patterns 189

10.1 Representing Situations 190

10.1.1 The Situation Program 191

10.1.2 Modularity 193

10.2 Five Other Ways to Represent a Meeting 194

10.2.1 Observations 197

10.3 Metaprogramming with Situation Programs: Examples 198

10.4 Another Declarative Approach 199

10.5 Toward Design Patterns for Context-Aware Applications: Situation Patterns 201

10.6 Summary 205

Acknowledgment 205

References 205

11 A Future with Aware Systems 207

11.1 The Emerging Future: Taking Awareness for Granted 207

11.2 Scalability and Usability 208

11.3 Final Words 209

Index 211