Table of Contents
Preface xiii
1 Israeli Hebrew - an introduction 1
1.1 Hebrew, Modern Hebrew, Israeli Hebrew, Israeli, and in-between 1
1.2 Grammar books 3
1.3 The research corpus 4
2 Israeli Hebrew phonology 7
2.1 Phonological inventory 7
2.2 Phonological and morpho-phonological rules in Israeli Hebrew 13
2.2.1 Stress-dependent rules: shortening / omission 13
2.2.2 Prosody-dependent rules 15
2.2.3 Assimilation in consonants 17
2.2.3.1 Full assimilation (degemination) 17
2.2.3.2 Partial assimilation 19
2.2.3.2.1 Partial assimilation - voicing and devoicing 19
2.2.3.2.2 Partial assimilation - place of articulation 21
2.2.3.2.3 Partial assimilation - manner of articulation 22
2.2.4 Dissimilation 23
2.2.5 Vowel lowering in the verb system 24
2.2.6 Morpho-phonological formation of the imperative 26
2.2.7 Vowel change during suffixation in the verb system 28
2.3 Clusters 30
2.3.1 Consonant clusters 30
2.3.2 Vowel clusters 32
2.4 Syllable structure 33
2.4.1 Syllable nucleus 34
2.4.2 Syllable nucleus 34
2.5 Stress and intonation 35
2.5.1 Stress 35
2.5.1 Intonation 37
3 Israeli Hebrew morphology 39
3.1 Roots and patterns 39
3.1.1 Root morphology and root types 39
3.1.1.1 The possible presence of glottal consonants in the root 40
3.1.1.2 Roots with glides 41
3.1.1.3 Roots with sonorant consonants 43
3.1.1.4 Roots with double consonants 44
3.1.1.5 The possible presence of pharyngeal fricatives in the root 45
3.1.2 Pattern types 47
3.1.3 Pattern types 48
3.1.4 Root extraction 49
3.1.5 Phonological constraints 52
3.1.6 Secondary root formation 53
3.2 Affixes 54
3.2.1 Stems and suffixes 55
3.2.2 The use of prefixes 56
3.3 Blends 57
3.4 Acronyms and abbreviations 58
3.5 Compounds 59
3.6 Concatenated derivation methods 60
3.6.1 Combinations of root + pattern and stem + affix in nouns 61
3.6.2 Combination of a stem and a suffix 62
3.6.3 Combination of an acronym and a suffix 63
3.6.4 Dual nouns 64
4 Parts of speech 67
4.1 Israeli Hebrew Nouns 67
4.1.1 Stem morphology 69
4.1.1.1 Basic stems 70
4.1.1.2 Foreign words 71
4.1.1.3 Stems based on roots and patterns 71
4.1.1.4 Stems based on bases and suffixes 72
4.1.1.5 Blend stems 74
4.1.1.6 Compound stems 75
4.1.1.7 Acronyms and abbreviations as stems 76
4.1.2 Number and gender inflections 79
4.1.2.1 Standard forms 79
4.1.2.2 Dual nouns 79
4.1.2.3 Mass nouns 80
4.1.2.4 Compound stems 80
4.1.3 Definiteness 82
4.1.4 Suffixation order 83
4.1.4.1 Chronological suffixation 83
4.1.4.2 Morphological suffixation 84
4.2 The verbal system 84
4.2.1 Verb morphology: the verbal patterns 85
4.2.2 The morpho-semantic level: the derivation of verbs 88
4.2.3 The semantic level: aspects and moods, tense 89
4.2.3.1 The perfective aspect 91
4.2.3.2 The imperfective aspect 97
4.2.3.3 Mood forms 99
4.2.3.3.1 General mood 99
4.2.3.3.2 Imperative mood 102
4.2.3.4 The combination of forms in a conversation 103
4.2.4 The inflectional morphology level: person, gender and number affixation 106
4.2.4.1 Suffixes of the perfective aspect 106
4.2.4.2 Suffixes of the imperfective aspect 107
4.2.4.3 Prefixes of the mood category 108
4.2.5 Weak roots and their integration into verbal patterns 109
4.2.6 Verb phrases 110
4.2.7 Concatenated verbs 111
4.2.7.1 The habitual past forms 112
4.2.7.2 Other concatenated verbs 113
4.2.8 Transitivity and voice 116
4.3 Modifiers of nouns 118
4.3.1 Types of modifiers and their location relative to nouns 118
4.3.1.1 Attributive adjectives 119
4.3.1.1.1 Basic adjectival stems 119
4.3.1.1.2 Stems of roots and patterns 120
4.3.1.1.3 Base and suffix stems 120
4.3.1.1.4 Compound stems 122
4.3.1.2 Numerals 123
4.3.1.2.1 The numeral 'one' 123
4.3.1.2.2 The numerals 'two' onwards 123
4.3.1.3 Quantifiers 127
4.3.1.4 Demonstrative determiners 128
4.3.1.5 Combinations of adjectives 129
4.3.1.5.1 A sequence of attributive adjectives 129
4.3.1.5.2 A sequence of preceding determiners 130
4.3.1.5.3 A sequence of numerals / quantities and attributive adjectives 131
4.3.1.5.4 A sequence of numerals / quantities and attributive adjectives 131
4.3.2 Number and gender inflections 132
4.3.3 Definiteness 133
4.3.4 Possessives 134
4.4 Modifiers of verbs 136
4.4.1 The structure of adverbs 136
4.4.2 The location of adverbs 137
4.4.3 Independent adverbs 138
4.5 Israeli Hebrew pronouns 138
4.5.1 Personal pronouns 139
4.5.2 Impersonal pronouns 141
4.5.3 Demonstrative pronouns 143
4.5.4 Interrogative pronouns 145
4.5.4.1 Independent interrogative pronouns 145
4.5.4.2 Agglutinated interrogative pronouns 149
4.5.5 Possessive pronouns 150
4.6 Israeli Hebrew particles 151
4.6.1 Direct object marker 151
4.6.1.1 The zero accusative marker 151
4.6.1.2 The stand-alone accusative marker 152
4.6.1.3 The accusative marker with agglutinated pronouns 153
4.6.2 Conjunctions 154
4.6.3 Prepositions 156
4.6.3.1 The stand-alone prepositions 156
4.6.3.2 Prepositions with personal pronouns 159
4.6.4 Subordinators 160
4.6.5 Exclamations 160
4.7 Questions 161
4.7.1 Interrogation words 161
4.7.1.1 Interrogative pronouns 161
4.7.1.2 Other interrogative words 162
4.7.2 Interrogation intonation 163
4.8 Negation 164
4.8.1 Negation in the verbal system 164
4.8.1.1 Negation of the imperative 164
4.8.1.2 Negation of verbal forms that are not imperatives 165
4.8.2 Negation of nominals 166
4.8.3 Stand-alone negation 168
4.8.4 Fossilized negation 170
4.9 Duplications and repetitions 171
4.9.1 Duplications 171
4.9.1.1 Phonological and morphological duplication 171
4.9.1.2 Syntactic duplication 172
4.9.1.3 Word formation duplication 174
4.9.2 Repetitions 174
5 Syntax 175
5.1 Clauses and speech units in Israeli Hebrew Speech 175
5.1.1 Simple speech units 176
5.1.2 Complex speech units 178
5.1.3 Subordinate speech units 179
5.1.4 Nominal and adverbial speech units 182
5.1.5 Speech units with no predicates 183
5.1.6 Subjecttess speech units 183
5.1.7 Other speech units 184
5.2 Word order in Israeli Hebrew 185
5.2.1 Speech units containing verbs as their predicates 185
5.2.2 Nominal and adverbial speech units 187
5.3 Number and gender agreement in Israeli Hebrew 190
5.3.1 Agreement in nominals 190
5.3.1.1 Attributive adjectives 190
5.3.1.2 Numerals and demonstrative determiners 191
5.3.1.2.1 Numerals 191
5.3.1.2.2 Demonstrative determiners 193
5.3.2 Agreement in verbs 195
5.3.2.1 Verbs following their agents 195
5.3.2.2 Verbs preceding their agents 195
5.3.3 Agreement in copulas 196
5.3.3.1 Demonstrative determiner copulas 196
5.3.3.2 Pronoun and verb-like copulas 197
5.4 Noun compounds 198
5.5 Verb compounds 198
6 The correlation between form and meaning 199
6.1 Form-meaning correlation in the verbal system 199
6.2 Form-meaning correlation in the nominal system 202
6.2.1 Form-meaning correlation in nouns 202
6.2.2 Form-meaning correlation in adjectives 204
7 Discourse structure in Israeli Hebrew 207
7.1 The prosodic features of speech units 207
7.1.1 Stress and accent 207
7.1.2 Intonation 209
7.1.3 Final tones 209
7.2 Contours and their behavior 210
7.3 Overlaps 222
8 Appendices 225
8.1 Appendix 1 - Verb patterns 225
8.2 Appendix 2 - Noun inflections 226
8.3 Appendix 3 - Transcription symbols 227
8.4 Appendix 4 - Additional notations 228
9 Bibliography 229
Index 233
