Table of Contents
Preface xv
1 Background and History 3
Introduction 3
Trie First Amendment-Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition 6
The Second Amendment-The Right to Bear Arms 10
The Third Amendment-The Housing of Soldiers 13
The Fourth Amendment-Search and Arrest Warrants 15
The Fifth Amendment-Rights in Criminal Cases and Compelling Self-Incrimination 20
The Sixth Amendment-Rights to Fair Trial 24
The Seventh Amendment-Rights in Civil Cases 29
The Eighth Amendment-Bails, Fines, and Punishments 30
The Ninth Amendment-Rights Retained by the People 33
The Tenth Amendment-Powers Retained by States and the People 35
The Fourteenth Amendment-Civil Rights 38
The Fifteenth Amendment-Black Suffrage 38
Civil Rights Acts by the U.S. Congress 40
The Nineteenth Amendment-Women's Suffrage 44
The Twenty-Fourth Amendment-Poll Taxes 45
The Twenty-Sixth Amendment-Suffrage for Eighteen-Year-Olds 47
Conclusion 48
References 50
2 Problems, Controversies, and Solutions 57
Introduction 57
The Denial of Rights to the "Other" 58
Black Americans 60
Asian Americans 64
Hispanic Americans 70
Native Americans 75
Muslim and Arab Americans 79
Political Ideological Minorities 83
"Women's Rights-the Suffragettes and NOW 88
Religious Minorities 91
Other Minorities 103
Conclusion 112
References 113
3 Perspectives 123
Introduction 123
The COVID-19 Pandemic and Lessons for Civil Rights Coping Strategies Ken Bedell 123
Two Courts: State Courts of Last Resort and Civil Rights Adjudication Taraleigh Davis 127
Defining Equality: Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Americans with Disabilities Act Michelle D. Deardorff 132
Warrants for Me but Not for Thee: Students' Fourth Amendment Rights in Public Schools Joshua Dunn 137
When Secular and Religious Interests Collide Scott Merriman 141
Transgender Rights Chuck Stewart 144
The Free Press in the Age of Trump John R. Vile 149
Religious Opposition to Abortion Rights: Another Attempt at Establishment of Religion David Weddle 153
"Fish-Ins" and the Indian Civil Rights Movement David Zeh 157
4 Profiles 163
Introduction 163
Organizations 164
Aids Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP) 164
American Association of People with Disabilities (AAPD) 165
American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) 167
American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC) 168
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) 171
American Indian Movement (AIM) 173
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 175
Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) 176
League of Women Voters (LWV) 179
United Farm Workers (UFW) 181
People-Government 183
Frank, Barney (1940-) 183
Ginsburg, Ruth Bader (1933-2020) 184
Jefferson, Thomas (1743-1826) 186
Johnson, Lyndon (1908-1973) 188
Lewis, John (1940-2020) 190
Lincoln, Abraham (1809-1865) 193
Madison, James (1751-1836) 195
Marshall, Thurgood (1908-1993) 197
Mason, George (1725-1792) 199
Rehnquist, William (1924-2005) 200
Warren, Earl (1891-1974) 202
People-Nongovernment 204
Addams, Jane (1860-1936) 204
Andrus, Ethel Percy (1884-1967) 205
Baker, Ella (1903-1986) 206
Berger, Victor (1860-1928) 207
Debs, Eugene (1855-1926) 209
Deer, Ada(1935-) 211
Du Bois, W.E.B. (1868-1963) 212
Farrakhan, Louis (1933-) 213
Huerta, Dolores (1930-) 215
Kaepernick, Colin Rand (1987-) 217
King, Martin Luther, Jr. (1929-1968) 218
Martin, Del (1921-2008) 220
Parks, Rosa (1913-2005) 222
Randolph, A. Philip (1889-1979) 224
Wells, Ida (1862-1931) 225
Wiesel, Elie (1928-2016) 226
References 227
5 Data and Documents 239
Introduction 239
Data 240
Table 5.1. Articles of the United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights 240
Table 5.2: Second Amendment Decisions and Congressional Gun Control Measures 241
Table 5.3: Supreme Court Decisions Regarding the Fourth Amendment 242
Table 5.4: Supreme Court Decisions Regarding the Fifth Amendment 243
Table 5.5: Supreme Court Decisions Regarding the Fair Trial Clause of the Sixth Amendment 244
Table 5-6: Supreme Court Decisions on Capital Punishment 246
Table 5.7: State Status Regarding Capital Punishment 247
Table 5-8: Supreme Court Decisions Regarding the Tenth, Fourteenth, Nineteenth, Twenty-Fourth, and Twenty-Sixth Amendments 248
Table 5-9: Major Civil Rights Acts Passed by the United States Congress 249
Table 5.10: Exemplary Civil Rights Advocacy Groups, by Type 249
Table 5.11: Activists and Organizations Concerning Sexual Orientation Rights 251
Table 5.12: Presidential Medals of Freedom Awarded for Civil Rights Activism 251
Documents 253
Declaration of Independence (1776) 253
Resolutions of the Seneca Falls Convention (1848) 257
Article VIII of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) 259
Mississippi Black Codes (1865) 260
Civil Rights Act (April 9, 1866) 264
The Espionage Act (June 15, 1917) 266
Leser v. Garnett (1922) 269
Executive Order 9066 (February 19, 1942) 271
Findings and Purposes of the National Voter Registration Act (1993) 273
Hurst v. Florida (2016) 274
6 Resources 279
Introduction 279
Books 279
Scholarly Journals 328
Films 333
7 Chronology 337
Glossary 351
Index 361
