eBook2nd Edition (2nd Edition)
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Overview
The second edition of this book presents the fundamentals of chemistry in light of their importance for the environment and environmental processes. The new edition includes updated references and a more practical approach to the topic. The comprehensive discussion is structured in three parts: introducing the theory of physical chemistry, evaluating elements and compounds, and presenting principles of environmental chemistry.
Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9783110730258 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | De Gruyter |
| Publication date: | 06/21/2022 |
| Series: | De Gruyter Textbook |
| Sold by: | Barnes & Noble |
| Format: | eBook |
| Pages: | 478 |
| File size: | 32 MB |
| Note: | This product may take a few minutes to download. |
| Age Range: | 18 Years |
About the Author
Detlev Möller
defended his doctorate at the HU Berlin in 1972 on electrochemical kinetics and analytics. Habilitation in 1982 on atmospheric chemistry of sulfur dioxide and the biogeochemical sulfur cycling. 1990 he became head of the department for atmospheric chemistry. In 1994 he became a full professor for atmospheric chemistry and air pollution control at the TU Cottbus; retired in 2012.
Table of Contents
Preface v
Preface to the 2nd edition ix
List of principal symbols xvii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 What do we mean by 'environment'? 1
1.2 What is chemistry? 2
2 Chemistry under environmental conditions 7
2.1 General remarks 7
2.2 States of matter 12
2.2.1 Atoms, elements, molecules, compounds and substances 13
2.2.2 Pure substances and mixtures 14
2.2.3 Concentration measures 15
2.3 Air and gases 21
2.3.1 Composition of the atmosphere 21
2.3.2 Properties of gases: the ideal gas 23
2.3.2.1 Kinetic theory of gases 24
2.3.2.2 Gas laws 25
2.3.2.3 Mean free path and number of collisions 28
2.3.2.4 Viscosity 30
2.3.2.5 Diffusion 32
2.4 Water and waters 33
2.4.1 Cycling and chemical composition of waters 34
2.4.2 Physical and chemical properties of water 40
2.4.2.1 Water structure: hydrogen bond 40
2.4.2.2 Water as a solvent 43
2.4.3 Properties of aqueous solutions 44
2.4.3.1 Surface tension and surface-active substances 44
2.4.3.2 Vapour pressure lowering: Raoult's law 45
2.4.3.3 Freezing point depression 46
2.4.3.4 Diffusion in solutions 47
2.4.4 Water vapour 47
2.5 Solid matter 48
2.5.1 General remarks 48
2.5.2 Soils 49
2.5.3 Dust 51
2.5.3.1 Soil and sea salt particles 52
2.5.3.2 Organic matter and soot 53
2.5.3.3 Condensation nuclei and cloud chemistry 55
3 Fundamentals of physical chemistry 59
3.1 Chemical thermodynamics 59
3.1.1 First law of thermodynamics and its applications 60
3.1.1.1 Internal energy 60
3.1.1.2 Molar heat capacity 62
3.1.1.3 Thermochemistry: heat of chemical reaction 64
3.1.2 Second law of thermodynamics and its applications 65
3.1.2.1 Entropy and reversibility 66
3.1.2.2 Thermodynamic potential: Gibbs-Helmholtz equation 68
3.1.2.3 Chemical potential 70
3.1.2.4 Chemical potential in real mixtures: activity 72
3.2 Equilibrium 73
3.2.1 Phase equilibrium 74
3.2.1.1 Gas-liquid equilibrium: evaporation and condensation 75
3.2.1.2 Gas-liquid equilibrium: special case for droplets 76
3.2.1.3 Absorption of gases in water; Henry's law 77
3.2.1.4 Solubility equilibrium: solid-aqueous equilibrium 81
3.2.1.5 Adsorption and desorption 82
3.2.2 Chemical equilibrium 84
3.2.2.1 Mass action law 85
3.2.2.2 Electrolytic dissociation 86
3.2.2.3 Acids, bases and the ionic product of water 87
3.2.2.4 pH value 92
3.2.2.5 Hydrolysis of salts and oxides 93
3.2.2.6 Buffer solutions 94
3.2.2.7 Complex ions 95
3.2.3 Dynamic equilibrium and steady state 97
3.3 Theory of chemical reactions 99
3.3.1 Chemical bonding 100
3.3.2 Types of chemical reactions 106
3.3.3 Chemical kinetics: reaction rate constant 108
3.3.4 Catalysis 116
3.3.5 Electrochemistry 116
3.3.5.1 Oxidation-reduction reaction (redox process) 117
3.3.5.2 Hydrated electron: a fundamental species 122
3.3.6 Photochemistry 126
3.3.6.1 Solar radiation transfer to the earth's surface 127
3.3.6.2 Photoexcitation: electronic states 130
3.3.6.3 Photodissociation: photolysis rate coefficient 132
3.3.6.4 Photocatalysis: photosensitising and autoxidation 135
3.3.7 Heterogeneous chemistry 139
3.3.8 Radicals, groups and nomenclature 140
4 Chemistry of elements and their compounds in the environment 145
4.1 General remarks 145
4.2 Hydrogen 150
4.2.1 Natural occurrence 150
4.2.2 Compounds of hydrogen 152
4.2.3 Chemistry 153
4.3 Oxygen 156
4.3.1 Natural occurrence 158
4.3.2 Gas-phase chemistry 158
4.3.2.1 Atomic and molecular oxygen: O, O2 and O3 158
4.3.2.2 Reactive hydrogen-oxygen compounds: OH, HO2 and H2O2 161
4.3.3 Aqueous-phase chemistry 163
4.3.3.1 Aqueous-phase oxygen chemistry 166
4.3.3.2 Aqueous-phase hydrogen peroxide chemistry 168
4.3.3.3 Aqueous-phase ozone chemistry 171
4.3.3.4 Aqueous-phase OH chemistry 174
4.4 Nitrogen 175
4.4.1 Natural occurrence and sources 179
4.4.2 Thermal dissociation of dinitrogen (N2) 180
4.4.3 Ammonia (NH3) 181
4.4.4 Dinitrogen monoxide (N2O) 184
4.4.5 Nitrogen oxides (HOx) and oxoacids (HNOx) 185
4.4.5.1 Gas-phase chemistry 185
4.4.5.2 Aqueous-phase chemistry 190
4.4.6 Organic nitrogen compounds 200
4.4.6.1 Amines, nitrites and cyanides 201
4.4.6.2 Organic NOx compounds 205
4.5 Sulphur 206
4.5.1 Natural occurrence and sources 209
4.5.2 Reduced sulphur: H2S, COS, CS2, and DMS 211
4.5.3 Oxides and oxoacids: SO2, H2SO3, SO3, and H2SO4 215
4.6 Carbon 224
4.6.1 Elemental carbon 225
4.6.2 Inorganic C1 chemistry: CO, CO2, and H2CO3 228
4.6.3 Organic carbon 235
4.6.3.1 Hydrocarbon oxidation and organic ROS 239
4.6.3.2 C1 chemistry: CH4, HCHO, CH3OH and HCOOH 244
4.6.3.3 C1 chemistry: C2H6, CH3CHO, C2H5OH, CH3COOH and (COOH)2 248
4.6.3.4 Alkenes, alkynes and ketones 254
4.6.3.5 Aromatic compounds 258
4.7 Halogens 261
4.7.1 Halogens in the environment 263
4.7.2 Halogen chemistry 272
4.8 Phosphorus 282
4.9 Metals and half-metals 287
4.9.1 General remarks 287
4.9.2 Alkali and alkaline earth like metals: Na, K, Mg, and Ca 290
4.9.3 Iron: Fe 291
4.9.4 Mercury: Hg 292
4.9.5 Cadmium: Cd 295
4.9.6 Lead: Pb 296
4.9.7 Arsenic: As 296
4.9.8 Silicon (Si) and aluminium (Al) 297
5 Chemical processes in the environment 299
5.1 Chemical evolution 301
5.1.1 Origin of elements and molecules 302
5.1.2 Formation of the Earth 306
5.1.3 Degassing the Earth and formation of the atmosphere 311
5.1.4 Evolution of life and atmospheric oxygen 318
5.1.5 Volcanism and weathering: inorganic CO2 cycling 325
5.2 Biogeochemistry 328
5.2.1 Biogeochemical cycling 329
5.2.2 Principles of photosynthesis 332
5.2.3 Carbon cycle 337
5.2.4 Nitrogen cycle 343
5.2.5 Sulphur cycle 348
5.2.6 Acidity in the environment 352
5.3 Atmospheric chemistry and air pollution 355
5.3.1 Atmospheric acidification: "acid rain" 358
5.3.2 Ozone 365
5.3.2.1 Stratospheric ozone depletion: the "ozone whole" 366
5.3.2.2 Tropospheric ozone formation: "photochemical smog" 374
5.3.3 Halogens 382
5.3.3.1 Tropospheric halogen chemistry and ozone removal 382
5.3.3.2 Rethinking halogen loss from sea salt aerosol 388
5.3.4 Atmospheric removal: deposition processes 391
5.3.5 Radioactivity 395
6 Green chemistry 399
6.1 The carbon problem 402
6.2 The carbon economy 403
6.2.1 Carbon capture and storage (CCS) 404
6.2.2 Direct air capture (DAC) 406
6.2.3 Carbon dioxide cycling (DACCU) 409
6.2.4 Solar fuels: carbon as material and energy carrier 413
A List of acronyms and abbreviations in environmental sciences found in literature 417
B Quantities, units and some useful numerical values 421
C List of the elements (alphabetically) 427
Bibliography 431
Author index 437
Subject index 439