Challenger: An American Tragedy: The Inside Story from Launch Control
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Challenger: An American Tragedy: The Inside Story from Launch Control
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Overview
On January 28, 1986, the space shuttle Challenger launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Seventy-three seconds after launch, the fiery breach of a solid motor joint caused a rupture of the propellant tanks, and a stunned nation watched as flames engulfed the craft, killing all seven crew members on board. It was Hugh Harris, “the voice of launch control,” whom audiences across the country heard counting down to lift-off on that fateful day.
With over fifty years of experience with NASA’s missions, Harris presents the story of the Challenger tragedy as only an insider can. With by-the-second accounts of the spacecraft’s launch and a comprehensive overview of the ensuing investigation, Harris gives readers a behind-the-scenes look at the devastating accident that grounded the shuttle fleet for over two years. This book tells the whole story of the Challenger’s tragic legacy.
Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9781480413504 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | Open Road Media |
| Publication date: | 01/28/2014 |
| Sold by: | Barnes & Noble |
| Format: | eBook |
| Pages: | 112 |
| File size: | 2 MB |
About the Author
Harris began his career as a member of the news media. He worked as a reporter and broadcaster for WMTR in Morristown, New Jersey, and as a reporter and photographer for two newspapers.
After his retirement in 1998, he shared his experience in NASA public relations with nuclear industry leaders at conferences held by the United Nations’ International Atomic Energy Agency in Europe and Japan and in this country through the Nuclear Energy Institute. Harris passed away in 2023.
Read an Excerpt
Challenger: An American Tragedy
The Inside Story from Launch Control
By Hugh Harris
OPEN ROAD INTEGRATED MEDIA
Copyright © 2014 Hugh HarrisAll rights reserved.
ISBN: 978-1-4804-1350-4
CHAPTER 1
A Look Back Twenty-eight Years
Challenger was a spacecraft designed to transport, protect, and nurture its seven-member crew as it transported them beyond the limits of our home planet's life-support system. There, they would conduct experiments to improve lives on Earth. Among its passengers was the first civilian crewmember, the "Teacher in Space" Sharon Christa McAuliffe (known as Christa), who was already inspiring a generation of school children.
I had watched from the firing room as the twenty-four previous shuttles rocketed upward and successfully returned to Earth. But on January 28, 1986, Challenger was engulfed in a fiery inferno in full view of thousands of people at the center and millions of others viewing the launch on television.
The tragedy produced a myriad of human emotions. For Todd Halvorson of Florida Today, it was an unforgettable introduction to space reporting. Hired the day before, but not yet on the job, he stepped out of the Cocoa Beach Holiday Inn to watch. Burned into his psyche are the pitchfork contrails and the memory of a weeping young girl, pointing upward and crying over and over, "The teacher is up there! The teacher is up there!"
For some young astronauts, it was a "loss of innocence" that took some time to accept. Franklin Chang-Díaz flew on STS-61C, the shuttle mission just a few weeks before Challenger. He and his crew experienced the tragedy from a viewing room at the Johnson Space Center in Houston.
"I think we were all unprepared to deal with this kind of event," he says. "From my first flight before the Challenger disaster, to my second flight, after, it felt as if we had lost our innocence. When I went into my second flight—well, it was probably the same way a soldier goes into battle with a few scars. You don't look at that battlefield the same way you did on the first day. I mean, it was still exciting, it was still wonderful, but we realized it was not child's play anymore."
Lisa Malone, then a young public information specialist who would become director of public affairs for the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) twenty years later, recalled, "At the time, I was angry. I was angry at the engineers. I didn't yet realize how hard space flight was. Later, as I started to go to more technical meetings, I learned the difficulty of managing risk posed by a highly complex vehicle."
The accident triggered in-depth investigations and denied the nation of human access to space for almost three years. Unmanned launches continued, but our astronauts stayed on the ground.
It brought into question the way management and technical experts worked together. It highlighted the role played by political decisions and uncertain year-to-year funding. It exposed the roadblocks to communication imposed by managers and organizational culture.
It was a chilling reminder that it is safer to sit on the ground than fly into space. But that's not an option for the human race.
Ultimately, it helped enable 110 more space-shuttle flights and the construction of the International Space Station, which ranks near the top of human achievement.
Dozens of people gave the "go" to launch on that morning twenty-eight years ago, and tens of thousands more had worked on the hardware. Yet, despite all of the investigative probing and some rancorous finger-pointing in the months to follow, no one ever alleged less than a strong desire to do his or her job to the best of his or her ability.
It demonstrated, once again, how much there is to learn as humankind continues to advance the boundaries of science, technology, and human interaction.
On that day, I was the chief of public information for NASA's Kennedy Space Center and the launch commentator. This piece will take you on the same journey I experienced in the hours before launch and then along the bumpy road to find the cause of the accident and heal the system.
CHAPTER 2A Cold, Cold Night
The night of January 28, 1986, was the coldest I can remember in Florida. But when I left my house in Cocoa Beach at two a.m., I wasn't thinking of the cold. I was worrying about getting to the Kennedy Space Center on time.
Every time I served as "the voice of launch control" for a space shuttle launch—a responsibility I had held beginning with STS-1 in 1981—I worried that my car would be delayed by the hundreds of thousands of people who came to watch. If I didn't get to the firing room on time, the launch would have happened anyway, but I would have felt like I'd let down the team.
But this morning, as I drove toward KSC, I did not find the usual congregation of cars. Very few were parked along the causeway over the Banana River. Normally, even at that early hour in the morning, and eight or more hours before a launch, the causeways were crowded. Families would leave their cars to make new friends or gather around radios to keep track of the progress of launch preparations. Cars would sport license plates from dozens of states—California, Washington, even Alaska. The space program was a source of national pride, and we who were privileged to work in it could not help but be inspired.
But this night was different. The few who had come were huddled inside their vehicles.
In the distance, Pad 39 B and Challenger were sparkling in the pure white light of the xenon searchlights. The thick shafts of light illuminated the rocket vehicle and slanted skyward for many miles.
As I drove toward the center along State Route 3 on Merritt Island, some of the orange groves huddled under blankets of smoke from large bonfires created to help protect the fruit from freezing. Most of the large groves had been flooded or sprayed with water. The temperature of fruit encased with ice does not drop below freezing. Smudge pots were no longer used due to pollution.
The air temperature was in the low thirties and dropping rapidly into the twenties. The smaller grove owners could not afford to protect their groves, and a week later their oranges would be thudding to the ground at the rate of a dozen per minute.
The officers at the first guard gate wore heavy jackets. "Do you think it will go, Mr. Harris?" one asked.
I told them the launch had already been postponed an hour and might be delayed further because of concern due to the cold. I said, "They're supposed to start tanking around three a.m. If they tank, they'll try to launch. They have about a two-hour window."
In capitulation to the freezing cold, the press site looked pretty deserted when I arrived. Normally, the photographers and reporters would be walking between buildings or gathered in little groups for a smoke. This morning they were all indoors.
There were fewer press representatives than normal, as well. The shuttle launches had become routine through the years. About five hundred media had been accredited for Challenger—as opposed to five times that number for STS-1. As I recall, only one of the major networks was covering the launch live.
The science writers typically on hand for launch had a conflict this time. Press briefings were taking place at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California, where many of the most knowledgeable space reporters were learning what scientists were discovering as Voyager flew past Uranus. Laurie Garrett of National Public Radio described the experience by saying, "Every single minute Uranus was blowing our minds more than the minute before. The moons of Uranus were absolutely the most stupendously puzzling things any of us had ever covered."
The twelve-acre press site is located at the Banana River Turn Basin, slightly more than three miles from the launch pads. During the Apollo program, barges bringing the rocket stages from Michoud Assembly Facility, just outside of New Orleans, unloaded at the turn basin; now it was the shuttles' external tanks that were unloaded there. It is just across the road from the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB), where the Solid Rocket Boosters (SRB), external tanks, and orbiters were bolted together on a mobile launch platform before being taken to one of the two launch pads, designated Pads 39 A and 39 B. The Challenger launch was taking place from 39 B.
A three- to four-acre, six-foot-high mound had been built along the back of the press site with material dredged up to deepen the turn basin. On top was a 350-seat grandstand fitted with long counters, telephone hookups, and folding chairs, as well as several permanent structures put up by NASA, the major television networks, and the wire services. Another half-dozen office trailers had been brought in by Florida Today, the Orlando Sentinel, the Nikon camera company, and others were split between the mound and the lower level.
The public information office, my home away from home, was located at the press site in a geodesic dome originally bought for the United States Bicentennial Exposition. It also provided working space for media who didn't have their own facilities. KSC office spaces lined one inner wall of the dome; along the other were several rows of long, counter-like desks for the press with assigned spaces where they could order temporary phone hookups. There were bins for fact sheets and news releases and a bank of pay phones.
A waist-high counter separated the press from the information people and provided space for the press to ask questions. Members of the press were not allowed behind the counter unless they were invited in for an interview or other business.
The flags of the sixteen countries that were partners with the United States for the Spacelab missions and for the future International Space Station flew over the press area.
Down below the mound were several acres of grass and the large, iconic countdown clock at the water's edge. Many news photographers had used the countdown clock in the foreground of pictures of previous launches. Thousands more posed with it as proof that they had covered history.
For each launch, temporary grandstands were trucked in to accommodate about a thousand VIP visitors. These included the extended families of the astronauts who were flying and guests invited by NASA headquarters or other centers. The immediate families of the astronauts and special guests, such as members of Congress, would watch from the roof of the Launch Control Center.
Approximately twenty thousand other invited guests would be taken by bus or given car passes to park on the causeway across the Banana River connecting KSC and the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station about seven miles from the pads. Loudspeakers set up in each location allowed my commentary to keep them informed about what was happening. Public affairs representatives and car parkers at each location helped direct them and answer questions.
I reached the press site about eight hours before the then-scheduled launch time of 10:38 a.m. and went into my office after checking with the staff and saying hello to the press who had come in early. Almost everyone commented on the cold and speculated that we would postpone the launch for a third time.
The launch scheduled for two days earlier had been canceled because of the weather forecast. It turned out to be a perfect day. The attempt of the previous day, January 27, had been scrubbed because sensors showed that the crew ingress door on the Challenger was not securely closed. Once that was corrected, the handle used to latch the door could not be removed without drilling out the bolts. Time ran out, and crosswinds at the shuttle landing facility became unacceptable.
Finally we were at January 28. The day had everything going for it in terms of weather, except the bitter cold.
The first person I called was information specialist Andrea Shea King, who was in the firing room, keeping the press informed on the progress of loading liquid hydrogen and oxygen. "What are you hearing on the OIS?" I asked, referring to the Operational Intercom System, which tied all elements of the launch team together on more than thirty voice circuits.
"It's been pretty smooth, except for concern about ice on the pad," she reported. "The temperature is below thirty-two degrees. All the valves on the water lines on the pad have been open slightly all night so that they don't freeze. Can you see the icicles?"
The closed-circuit TV system showed an eerie winter scene. Long icicles hung from horizontal beams and cables on the fixed service structure, the tower housing the high-speed elevator that took the astronauts up to the 197-foot level. A swing-arm walkway allowed them to reach the White Room, where they entered the crew cabin. Another swing arm at the 215-foot level carried the "beanie cap" that fit over the top of the external tank. It collected and carried away the gaseous oxygen boiling off the liquid oxygen tank located in the top portion of the external tank.
The flickering flames from the hydrogen flare stack about a hundred yards from the shuttle added another surreal dimension to the scene at the pad. As the liquid oxygen, at 297 degrees below zero Fahrenheit, and liquid hydrogen, at 423 degrees below zero Fahrenheit, flowed through the piping and filled the tanks, the metal contracted and groaned, almost as if the vehicle were alive.
Very few people were allowed on the pad once the propellants started to fill the half-million gallon external tank. There was a close-out team made up of five people who performed the last-minute preparations for the astronaut crew and helped them strap into their seats. A second group was called the ice team. Their job was to look at the launch vehicle from every angle and make sure no ice was forming on the various connections and the surface of the tank. Ice chunks could indicate tiny leaks, or fall during launch to damage the orbiter's thermal-protection system. This could jeopardize a safe return into the atmosphere at the end of the mission. Since the ice team could not get close to every area of the vehicle, the team was equipped with infrared sensors so they could tell from a distance of hundreds of feet whether there were any unexpected warm or cold spots on the vehicle.
On this morning the team was expanded and brought in early because of the extreme cold. In addition to looking for ice build up from condensation, they were tasked with breaking off as many icicles as they could reach to make sure they would not fall on the vehicle at lift-off.
Liquid water is an important tool on every launch pad. Beginning at T-minus eleven seconds, three hundred thousand gallons of water would be sprayed over the mobile launch platform at the rate of a million gallons a minute to prevent sound energy from Challenger's engines from being reflected back to the vehicle. Additionally, to absorb acoustic energy from the solid motors, dozens of long, water-filled canvas troughs were stretched across the openings in the launch platform underneath the solid rocket boosters.
Even though there was some antifreeze in the troughs, it was not enough. The water had turned to slush and then ice during the night. Its hard surface would have bounced the acoustic energy back toward the vehicle at the moment the solid motors ignited, possibly damaging the tail end of the orbiter. The ice team used fifty-foot-long poles to break up the ice. The troughs were filled again, this time with a stronger antifreeze mixture.
Seven miles to the south, things were about to get busy in the crew quarters. The pad workers would be able to go home soon after launch, but for the astronauts, it was the start of a busy day.
Nancy Gunter, who was in charge of the astronaut crew quarters in the operations and checkout building, had come to work before midnight. In addition to managing the team that kept the crew quarters at the ready, she was tasked with waking up the astronauts at the right time to get ready for their mission.
And though it wasn't in her job description, during her many years there, she baked most of the large ceremonial cakes that carried the crew patch in frosting on launch days. Despite the fact that every crew had breakfast at a different time of the day or night, depending on launch time, the cake was a centerpiece of the astronauts' breakfast table.
(Continues...)
Excerpted from Challenger: An American Tragedy by Hugh Harris. Copyright © 2014 Hugh Harris. Excerpted by permission of OPEN ROAD INTEGRATED MEDIA.
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Table of Contents
CoverDedication
Chapter One: A Look Back Twenty-eight Years
Chapter Two: A Cold, Cold Night
Chapter Three: The Launch
Chapter Four: After the Launch
Chapter Five: Challenger and the White House
Chapter Six: Reporters, Reporters Everywhere
Chapter Seven: The Commission
Chapter Eight: SCOOP!!!
Chapter Nine: Whose Fault Was It?
Chapter Ten: The Search at Sea
Chapter Eleven: Putting Together the Pieces
Chapter Twelve: Commission Conclusions
Chapter Thirteen: The Crew
Chapter Fourteen: The Response
Chapter Fifteen: The Return to Flight
Chapter Sixteen: The Challenge Remains
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Copyright