Table of Contents
List of Illustrations ix
List of Maps xi
List of Tables xiii
List of Abbreviations xv
Acknowledgments xvii
Introduction 1
1 The Multiple Heritages of Central Asia 17
Empire 37
2 The Manchu Conquest of Eastern Turkestan 41
3 Khoqand and Qing Silver 52
4 A Kazakh Ethnographer in Kashgar 63
5 Imperial Conquests 75
6 A Colonial Order 96
7 New Visions of the World 114
8 Imperial Collapse 134
Revolution 147
9 Hope and Disappointment 151
10 The Threshold of the East 167
11 A Soviet Central Asia 185
12 Autonomy, Soviet Style 199
13 Revolution from Above 215
14 A Republic in Eastern Turkestan 242
15 The Crucible of War 265
16 Another Republic in Eastern Turkestan 281
Communism 301
17 Development, Soviet Style 305
18 Soviet in Form, National in Content? 331
19 Xinjiang under Chinese Communism 356
20 On the Front Lines of the Cold War 377
Postcommunism 393
21 Unwanted Independence 397
22 A New Central Asia 418
23 Nationalizing States in a Globalized World 433
24 Are We Still Post-Soviet? 458
25 A Twenty-First-Century Gulag 475
Conclusion 497
Notes 503
Suggestions for Further Reading 529
Index 539