Table of Contents
Acknowledgments xix
A Note from the Authors xxi
Introduction: What's Wrong with Me? 1
Part I Is the Food You Eat Eating You? 5
1 Normal Digestion 7
The Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract
Digestion
The Mouth
The Stomach
One-Way Street
The Pancreas
The Liver
The Small Intestine
Absorption
Transport
Gluten: The Problem Protein
The Colon (Large Intestine)
When Normal Goes Pathological
In Summary
2 The Digestive Tract in Flames: Celiac Disease 20
Celiac Disease
What Is Gluten?
What Goes Wrong: The Role of Inflammation
What Is Tissue Transglutaminase (tTG)?
The Intestinal Battlefield
The Digestive Tract in Flames
3 How Does Celiac Disease Affect You? 27
Severe or "Classic"
Atypical Celiac Disease
Silent Celiac Disease
Every Body Reacts Differently
Intestinal Problems
The Manifestations of Malabsorption
Systemic Inflammatory Reactions and Autoimmune Diseases
Malignancies
4 How Do I Know If I Have It? The Diagnosis of Celiac Disease 40
Food Allergy versus Gluten Intolerance versus Food or Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity
The Diagnosis
Potential Celiac Disease
Blood Tests
Sensitivity and Specificity
IgA Endomysial Antibodies (EMA)
IgA Tissue Transglutaminase (tTG)
Deamidated Gliadin Peptides (DGP)
Selective IgA Deficiency
Laboratory Differences
False Negatives/False Positives
Endoscopy and Biopsy (the Gold Standard for Diagnosis)
How Specific Is a Biopsy?
New European Standards for Children
Skin Biopsy
Gluten Challenge
Finger Prick Tests
Fecal Test
Saliva Testing
Breath Tests
Genetic Testing
Glutenostics-Gluten Detective Rapid Urine/Stool Test
The Future of Testing
5 Differential Diagnosis: Why Is Celiac Disease Underdiagnosed? 57
What Is the Differential Diagnosis of Celiac Disease?
Drugs That Mimic Celiac Disease
You Think You Are Sick, the Doctor Does Not
Finding a Doctor
Finding the Right Umbrella
6 Why Do People Get Celiac Disease? 67
A Brief History
The Crucial Pieces of the Puzzle
A Genetic Primer-Fitting the Groove
The Swedish Epidemic
The Hygiene Hypothesis
Epigenetics
What We Know
We Are Not There Yet
Part II Related Conditions and Complications 83
7 Neurological Manifestations 87
The Nervous System 101
Peripheral Neuropathy
Nerve Conduction Studies (EMG)
Ataxia
Epilepsy
Cerebral Calcifications: A Recognition Factor for Celiac Disease
Migraines
Other Neurological Conditions
Paralysis
What Causes Neuropathies in-Celiac Disease?
The Effect of the Gluten-Free Diet
8 Malignancy 98
The Relationship of Malignancies and Celiac Disease: What Is the Risk?
What Causes the Cancers?
Management Issues
The Effect of the Gluten-Free Diet
Should I Be Screened for Cancers?
9 Osteoporosis 105
Bones 101
Remodeling the Skeleton
The Reservoir Runs Dry
Are You at Risk?
What Causes Bone Loss in Celiac Disease?
Management Issues
The Effect of the Gluten-Free Diet
Diet and Supplements
Bone Resorption Agents
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Exercise
10 Depression 117
What Is Depression?
What Causes Depression in Celiac Disease?
Nutrient Malabsorption-Folic Acid
The Effect of the Gluten-Free Diet
The Bottom Line
11 Dermatitis Herpetiformis and Other Skin Diseases 125
What Is Dermatitis Herpetiformis?
How Do I Know If I Have It-Tests for Dermatitis Herpetiformis
Where Does It Come From-Pathogenesis
Dermatitis Herpetiformis and Other Diseases
Bruising
Management Issues
Systemic Drugs
Topical Creams
What Triggers Dermatitis Herpetiformis?
The Effect of the Gluten-Free Diet
Hiding in Plain Sight
Other Skin Conditions
12 Diabetes 136
What Is Diabetes?
What Causes Type 1 Diabetes (IDDM)?
Diabetes and Celiac Disease
Management Issues
Lifestyle and Compliance Issues
Will I Get Better on a Gluten-Free Diet?
To Test or Not to Test
13 Infertility 146
What Causes Infertility?
The Relationship to Celiac Disease: Effect on Females
The Relationship to Celiac Disease: Effect on Males
What Causes Infertility in Celiac Disease?
The Effect of the Gluten-Free Diet
Next Steps
14 Autoimmune and Other Related Conditions 152
What Causes Autoimmune Disease?
Which Comes First?
Thyroid Disease
Sjögren's Syndrome
Addison's Disease
Autoimmune Liver Disease
Cardiomyopathy
Alopecia Areata
Lupus
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Fibromyalgia
Aphthous Stomatitis
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Schizophrenia
Dental Enamel Defects
Raynaud's Syndrome
Genetic Disorders
A Final Word
Part III Understanding and Treating Celiac Disease: Medical Management 171
15 What You Need to Know-and Do-After Diagnosis 173
Treating the Patient, Not the Refrigerator
Dietary Counseling About the Gluten-Free Diet
Assessment of Nutritional Deficiencies
Medication Assessment
Bone Density Determination
Pneumococcal Vaccination
Screening of Family Members
Monitoring of Blood Antibody Levels
Repeat of Biopsy
Screening for Malignancies
General Health Measures
16 Why Symptoms Persist-I'm on the Diet and Not Betting Better 181
Lactose Intolerance
Pancreatic Insufficiency
Bacterial Overgrowth
Microscopic Colitis
Refractory Celiac Disease
Skin Manifestations
Forms of Gluten Ingestion
FODMAPs
How Soon Will I Get Better?
17 Follow-Up Testing 189
Follow-Up Blood Tests
Follow-Up Biopsy
Family Testing
High-Risk Group Testing
Genetic Testing
Video Capsule Endoscopy
Part IV The Diet: Do You Eat to Live or Live to Eat? 197
18 What Living Gluten-Free Really Means: The Basics 201
How Much Is Too Much?
Grain Science Cross Contamination
Basic Rules for Avoiding Cross Contamination Are You Getting Good Information?
19 Reading Labels 211
The 2014 Labeling Law
Labels 101
Ingredients and Additives Worth Understanding
Gluten-Free Labels
Testing for Gluten in a Product
Labels-The Next Steps
Questions That Remain
20 Cooking Without Gluten 219
Cooking Styles Cooking Gluten-Free
21 Eating in the Real World 225
Restaurants
Using Personal Technology to Help Detect Gluten
"Back-Home" Techniques
A Brief Sauce Primer
Other People's Homes
Hospital Stays
Travel
22 Family Occasions 238
Holidays-Dealing with the Urge to Splurge
Banquets and Wedding Bell Blues
23 The Medicine Cabinet and Cosmetics 241
Prescription Drugs
Vitamins, Minerals, and Other Supplements
Enzyme Supplements
Wheatgrass
Toothpaste
Cosmetics
24 Is Your Gluten-Free Diet Healthy? 246
Spare the Fat and Spoil the Cake?
Cholesterol/Triglycerides
Children at Risk
A Spoonful of Flax
Adults at Risk
Part V Living with Celiac Disease 251
25 Dealing with Children and Young Adults Who Have Celiac Disease 255
Factors That Affect Successful Adaptation
Parental Attitudes
The First Five (Birth to Five Years Old)
Six Ups (Six to Eleven Years Old)
Navigating School
Twelve Ups (Twelve to Eighteen Years Old, Adolescents) Adolescents with Celiac Disease and Type 1 Diabetes (IDDM)
Young Adults (College and Up)
Road Rules
26 Adults: Coping with Change 267
Reactions to the Diagnosis
Dealing with "Forbidden Fruit"
Passing the Pizza Test
Helpful Hints
27 Research: Finding a Cure 276
Potential Therapies
Designer Drugs
"First, Do No Harm"
The Future-Prevention of Celiac Disease
28 Myths and Unexplored Areas 285
Myths Surrounding Celiac Disease
Unexplored Areas
Appendix A A Guide to Ingredients 295
Appendix B Explanation of Grains 299
Appendix C Books and Articles of Interest 301
Appendix D Resources 306
Glossary 313
Index 325