Table of Contents
, List of Cases, New to this Edition, Preface*=New to this EditionIntroduction: Four Questions of EthicsWhat Are the Source, Meaning, and Justification of Ethical Claims?, Distinguish between Evaluative Statements and Statements Presenting Nonevaluative Facts, Distinguish between Ethical and Nonethical Evaluations, Determine Who Ought to DecideWhat Kinds of Acts Are Right?, Consequentialism, Deontological or "Duty-Based" Ethics, Other Issues of Normative EthicsHow Do Rules Apply to Specific Situations? What Ought to Be Done in Specific Cases?PART 1: ETHICS AND VALUES IN MEDICAL CASESChapter 1: A Model for Ethical Problem-SolvingThe Five-Step ModelApplication of the ModelChapter 2: Values in Health and IllnessIdentifying Value Judgments in MedicineSeparating Ethical and Other EvaluationsChapter 3: What Is the Source of Moral Judgments?Grounding Ethics in the Professional CodeGrounding Ethics in the Physician's OrdersGrounding Ethics in Institutional PolicyGrounding Ethics in the Patient's ValuesGrounding Ethics in Religious or Philosophical PerspectivesPART 2: ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN MEDICAL ETHICSChapter 4: Benefiting the Patient and Others: The Duty to Do Good and Avoid HarmBenefiting the Patient, Health in Conflict with Other Goods, Relating Benefits and Harms, Benefits of Rules and Benefits in Specific CasesBenefiting Society and Individuals Who Are Not Patients, Benefits to Society, Benefits to Specific Nonpatients, Benefit to the Profession, Benefit to the Health Professional and the Health Professional's FamilyChapter 5: Justice: The Allocation of Health ResourcesJustice among PatientsJustice between Patients and OthersJustice in Public PolicyJustice and Other Ethical PrinciplesChapter 6: AutonomyDetermining Whether a Patient Is AutonomousExternal Constraints on AutonomyOverriding the Choices of Autonomous PersonsChapter 7: Veracity: Honesty with PatientsThe Condition of DoubtLying in Order to Benefit, Protecting the Patient by Lying, Protecting the Welfare of OthersSpecial Cases of Truth-Telling, Patients Who Do Not Want to Be Told, Family Members Who Insist the Patient Not Be ToldThe Right of Access to Medical RecordsChapter 8: Fidelity: Promise-Keeping, Loyalty to Patients, and Impaired ProfessionalsThe Ethics of Promises: Explicit and ImplicitFidelity and Conflicts of InterestIncompetent and Dishonest ColleaguesChapter 9: Avoidance of KillingActive Killing versus Letting DieWithholding versus Withdrawing TreatmentDirect versus Indirect KillingJustifiable Omissions: The Problem of Nutrition and HydrationVoluntary and Involuntary KillingKilling as PunishmentPART 3: SPECIAL PROBLEM AREASChapter 10: Abortion, Sterilization, and ContraceptionAbortion, Abortion for Medical Problems of the Fetus, Abortion Following Sexual Assault, Abortion to Save the Life of the Pregnant Woman, Abortion and the Mentally Incapacitated Woman, Abortion for Socioeconomic ReasonsSterilizationContraceptionChapter 11: Genetics, Birth, and the Biological RevolutionGenetic CounselingGenetic ScreeningIn Vitro Fertilization and Surrogate MotherhoodPreimplantation DiagnosisGene TherapyChapter 12: Mental Health and Behavior ControlThe Concept of Mental HealthMental Illness and Autonomous BehaviorMental Illness and Third-Party InterestsOther Behavior-Controlling TherapiesChapter 13: Confidentiality: Ethical Disclosure of Medical InformationBreaking Confidence to Benefit the PatientBreaking Confidence to Benefit OthersBreaking Confidence as Required by LawChapter 14: Organ TransplantsProcuring Organs, Donation versus Salvaging, * The Grounds for Pronouncing Death, Diseased and Poor-Quality Organs, Preserving the Organs of the Dying, Socially Directed Organ Donation, Living Donor/Deceased Donor Organ Swaps, Children and Incompetent Persons as Living Organ Sources, * Transplanting Faces and Hands: Vascular Composite AllograftsAllocating Organs, Maximizing Benefits and Distributing Organs Fairly, When Voluntary Risks Cause a Need for Organs, * Age and the Allocation of Organs, Multiple Organs and Special Priority for Special PeopleChapter 15: Health Insurance, Health System Planning, and RationingThe Problem of Small, Incremental BenefitsLimits on Unproved TherapiesMarginally Beneficial, Expensive TherapyFunding Care That Patients Have RefusedPharmaceutical Manufacturers versus InsurersInsurance and the Uninsured, * The Affordable Care ActChapter 16: Experimentation on Human SubjectsCalculating Risks and BenefitsPrivacy and ConfidentialityEquity in ResearchConflicts of Interest in ResearchInformed Consent in ResearchChapter 17: Consent and the Right to Refuse TreatmentThe Elements of a ConsentThe Standards for ConsentComprehension and VoluntarinessChapter 18: Death and DyingThe Definition of DeathCompetent and Formerly Competent PatientsNever-Competent Patients, Never-Competent Persons without Available Family, Never-Competent Persons with Available FamilyFutile Care and Limits Based on the Interests of OthersAppendix: Codes of Ethics, Glossary, List of Cases from Public Sources, Index
