Carbon Materials: Science And Applications

by Deborah D L Chung

Overview

'The field of carbon materials is huge and often difficult to comprehend, but this book is easy to read and methodically covers the subject, including presenting materials properties and performance data with clear illustrations and graphs. References include relevant older and up-to-date sources of information. The book is tutorial style in nature and is an excellent resource for senior undergraduates, graduate students, researchers, and anyone who wants to learn more about carbon and incorporate carbon materials into new applications.'
MRS BulletinElemental carbon materials take numerous forms including graphite, carbon fiber, carbon nanotube, graphene, carbon black, activated carbon, fullerene and diamond. These forms differ greatly in the structure, properties, fabrication method, and applications. The applications of these carbon forms include electronic, electromagnetic, electrochemical, environmental and biomedical applications. Carbon materials are a subject of intense research, with strong relevance to both science and technology.This book provides a tutorial-style and up-to-date coverage of the carbon forms. In addition to an introductory chapter on carbon materials, the book includes chapters on graphite, graphene, carbon black, activated carbon, carbon fibers, and carbon nanofibers/nanotubes. For example, the chapter on graphite covers various materials in the graphite family, including polycrystalline graphite, pyrolytic graphite, turbostratic carbon, intercalated graphite, graphite oxide, exfoliated graphite and flexible graphite, in addition to their electronic and mechanical properties.This book is suitable for use as a textbook for undergraduate and graduate students in science and engineering, and as a reference book for professionals. It is dedicated to the memory of the author's PhD thesis advisor, Professor M S Dresselhaus (1930-2017) of Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9789811200939
Publisher:	World Scientific Publishing Company, Incorporated
Publication date:	03/14/2019
Series:	Engineering Materials For Technological Needs , #3
Edition description:	Reprint
Pages:	384
Product dimensions:	6.00(w) x 9.00(h) x 0.79(d)

Table of Contents

Preface vii

1 Introduction to carbon materials 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.1.1 Graphite 2

1.1.2 Diamond 3

1.1.3 Fullerene 5

1.2 The graphite family 5

1.2.1 Graphite and turbostratic carbon 6

1.2.2 Carbon fibers and nanofibers 6

1.2.3 Carbon nanotubes 7

1.2.4 Intercalated graphite 7

1.2.5 Graphite oxide 7

1.2.6 Exfoliated graphite 8

1.2.7 Flexible graphite 8

1.2.8 Graphene 9

1.2.9 Activated carbon 9

1.2.10 Carbon black 9

1.2.11 Carbon-carbon composites 10

1.3 The diamond family 11

1.3.1 Diamond 11

1.3.2 Diamond-like carbon 15

1.3.2 Graphane 17

1.4 The fullerene family 18

References 19

2 Graphite 21

2.1 Structure of graphite and carbon in the graphite family 21

2.2 Fabrication of graphite 26

2.2.1 Polycrytalline graphite 26

2.2.2 Graphite flakes 29

2.2.3 Pyrolytic graphite 29

2.3 Properties of graphite 31

2.4 Reciprocal lattice 34

2.5 Electronic energy bands 37

2.6 Magnetic energy levels 41

2.7 Electrical properties 45

2.8 Lattice vibrations 46

2.9 Graphite intercalation compounds 48

2.9.1 Classification of graphite intercalation compounds 49

2.9.2 Covalent intercalation compounds 50

2.9.2.1 Graphite oxide (graphitic acid) 51

2.9.2.2 Carbon monofluoride (graphite monofluoride) 52

2.9.2.3 Tetracarbon monofluoride 52

2.9.3 Ionic intercalation compounds 53

2.9.3.1 Graphite-halogens 54

2.9.3.2 Graphite-alkali metals 56

2.9.3.3 Graphite-acid compounds 58

2.9.3.4 Graphite-halide compounds 59

2.9.4 Intercalated graphite fibers 60

2.10 Exfoliated graphite 61

2.10.1 Structure and formation 61

2.10.2 Viscoelastic and elastomeric properties 65

2.10.3 Dielectric properties 73

2.10.4 Thermal and electrical conductivities 75

2.10.5 Adsorption and filtration behavior 79

2.11 Flexible graphite 79

References 81

3 Graphene 85

3.1 Introduction 85

3.2 Electronic structure of graphene 87

3.3 Optical behavior 90

3.4 Defects in graphene 92

3.5 Mechanical behavior 93

3.6 Preparation of graphene 93

3.6.1 Preparation of graphene by the cleavage of graphite 93

3.6.2 Preparation of graphene by the mechanical disintegration of intercalated graphite 94

3.6.3 Preparation of graphene by the chemical reduction of graphene oxide 98

3.6.4 Preparation of graphene by nonoxidizing liquid exfoliation 110

3.6.5 Preparation of graphene by chemical vapor deposition 110

3.7 Graphene yarns 113

3.8 Graphene paper 114

3.9 Graphene foam 117

3.10 Graphene ink 119

3.11 Graphene quantum dots 122

3.12 Doping of graphene 122

3.13 Hybrids of graphene and carbon nanotubes 122

3.14 Hybrids of graphene and carbon fibers 124

3.15 Hybrids of graphene and electrochemical electrode materials 125

References 125

4 Carbon black 133

4.1 Introduction 133

4.2 Fabrication 133

4.3 Structure 135

4.4 Squish ability and compaction 151

4.5 Application in thermal interface materials 153

4.6 Application as an electrically conductive additive 155

4.7 Dielectric behavior 157

4.8 Viscoelastic behavior 167

4.8.1 Nanoindentation behavior 167

4.8.2 Dynamic mechanical properties 174

4.9 Carbon black composites 179

4.10 Competing materials 185

4.11 Market and applications 188

References 190

5 Activated carbon 195

5.1 Structure of activated carbon 195

5.2 Adsorption 200

5.3 Forms of activated carbon 203

5.3.1 Granular activated carbon 204

5.3.2 Powdered activated carbon 206

5.3.3 Extruded activated carbon 207

5.3.4 Bead activated carbon 207

5.4 Activated carbon assemblies 208

5.4.1 Honeycomb carbon filters 208

5.4.2 Activated carbon blocks with hollow channels 209

5.4.3 Activated carbon foam 210

5.4.4 Activated carbon foam assemblies 212

5.4.5 Activated carbon fiber fabric 212

5.4.6 Activated carbon composites 213

5.5 Fabrication of activated carbon 214

5.5.1 Steam activation 214

5.5.2 Gas activation 215

5.5.3 Chemical activation 216

5.6 Regeneration of activated carbon 219

5.7 Processing-structure-properly relationships of activated carbon 221

5.8 Applications of activated carbon 227

5.8.1 Water purification 228

5.8.2 Air purification 231

5.8.3 Gas purification 233

5.8.4 Waste treatment 234

5.8.5 Carbon dioxide capture 235

5.8.6 Heat pumps and refrigeration 235

5.8.7 Electrochemical components 236

5.8.8 Catalyst support 237

5.9 Market of activated carbon 238

References 241

6 Carbon fibers 245

6.1 Introduction 245

6.2 Applications and market 245

6.3 Continuous fiber assemblies 248

6.4 Discontinuous fibers 258

6.5 Microstructure 264

6.6 Fabrication 266

6.7 Continuous carbon fibers vs. other materials 273

6.8 Carbon fiber composites 278

References 292

7 Carbon nanofibers and nanotubes 295

7.1 Introduction 295

7.2 Structure of carbon nanofibers and nanotubes 295

7.3 Properties of carbon nanofibers and nanotubes 317

7.4 Mats and yams of CNFs/CNTs 318

7.4.1 Mats 319

7.4.1.1 Fabrication of mats 319

7.4.1.2 Electrical and electromagnetic behavior of mats 319

7.4.1.3 Mechanical behavior of mats 320

7.4.1.4 Electrochemical behavior of mats 321

7.4.2 Yarns 322

7.4.2.1 Fabrication of yarns 322

7.4.2.2 Mechanical behavior of yarns 324

7.5 Assemblies involving CNTs/CNFs 325

7.5.1 Vertically aligned CNTs 325

7.5.2 CMF/CNT with filled core channel 328

7.5.3 CNFs/CNTs grown on carbon fibers 332

7.5.4 CNTs grown on carbon black 335

7.5.5 CNTs grown on graphene, reduced graphene oxide or exfoliated graphite 335

7.5.6 Carbon deposited on CNTs 336

7.5.7 CNTs grown on alumina 336

7.5.8 CNTs grown on silica fibers 336

7.5.9 CNFs grown on cordierite 337

7.5.10 CNTs grown on metals 338

7.5.11 CNTs attached to polymers 339

7.5.12 CNFs/CNTs mixed with electrochemical electrode material 339

7.6 Fabrication of carbon nanofibers and nanotubes 339

7.6.1 Fabrication of carbon nanofibers/nanotubes from carbonaceous gases 339

7.6.2 Fabrication of carbon nanofibers from electro spun polymer nanofibers 347

7.6.4 Graphitization of carbon nanofibers 348

7.7 Competing materials 349

References 351

Index 361