| List of Illustrations | xvii |
Chapter 1 | Introduction | 1 |
| Suggested Readings | 4 |
Chapter 2 | The Religious World of Canada's Amerindians | |
| The origins of Canada's Amerindian people | 7 |
| Amerindian realignments during the seventeenth century | 10 |
| The religions of Canada's Amerindians | 11 |
| Some basic themes in Canadian Amerindian religions | 13 |
| Illness and healing | 22 |
| Conclusion | 25 |
| Suggested readings | 25 |
Chapter 3 | European Religions on the Eve of Encounter | |
| The religions of Europe before the seventeenth century | 27 |
| The early Christian heritage | 27 |
| Medieval Christendom | 29 |
| The varieties of religions of Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries | 32 |
| Islam in Europe | 32 |
| Judaism in Europe | 33 |
| The Protestant Reformation | 35 |
| The Catholic Reformation | 37 |
| A Eurocentric world view | 41 |
| A stronger or a weaker Christianity? | 45 |
| A divided Christian church | 45 |
| A united Christian church | 46 |
| Did diversity strengthen or weaken Christianity? | 48 |
| Suggested readings | 50 |
Chapter 4 | The Encounter between Amerindians and Europeans | |
| Europeans discover the Americas | 51 |
| The diverging agendas of Europeans and Amerindians | 54 |
| The agenda of the Franco-Europeans | 54 |
| The agenda of the Amerindians | 58 |
| The missionaries encounter the Amerindians | 60 |
| Suggested readings | 64 |
Chapter 5 | Missions of Many Kinds | |
| What is Christian mission? | 67 |
| Evangelization in early and medieval Christianity | 67 |
| Evangelizing the New World | 68 |
| Evangelizing Canada | 69 |
| The missionary personnel: the men | 70 |
| The Recollet Friars | 70 |
| The Society of Jesus | 74 |
| The Gentlemen of Saint-Sulpice | 79 |
| The missionary personnel: the women | 81 |
| The Ursulines | 81 |
| The Hospital Sisters of Quebec | 82 |
| The Hospitalers of Montreal | 83 |
| The Notre-Dame Sisters | 84 |
| The Sisters of Charity of Montreal | 85 |
| The evangelization of Canada's Amerindians | 86 |
| The point of view of the clergy | 86 |
| The point of view of the Amerindians | 89 |
| The legacy of Christian missions | 92 |
| Suggested readings | 93 |
Chapter 6 | The Development of the Catholic Church | |
| The organization of the Catholic Church | 95 |
| The territorial organization of established churches | 96 |
| The territorial organization of mission churches | 96 |
| The management of the Catholic Church | 97 |
| Religious orders in the church | 97 |
| Power shifts in the management of the church | 100 |
| Gallicanism | 102 |
| Early Canadian church institutions | 105 |
| The diocese of Quebec | 105 |
| Financing the church | 110 |
| The Seminary of Quebec | 111 |
| Other educational institutions | 112 |
| Health care and social work | 112 |
| Church developments in the eighteenth century | 114 |
| Suggested readings | 115 |
Chapter 7 | Theology, Beliefs, Customs, and Piety | |
| Doctrine and theology | 117 |
| Crosscurrents in French theology | 117 |
| The teaching of Bishop Saint-Vallier | 120 |
| Beliefs and religious customs of Early Canadians | 121 |
| The Canadian context | 121 |
| Popular attitudes to morality and religion | 124 |
| Confraternities | 125 |
| Holy places and pilgrimages | 126 |
| Amerindian Christian villages | 129 |
| Concluding remarks | 133 |
| Suggested readings | 136 |
Chapter 8 | The Church, the British Conquest, and the Quebec Act | |
| The British Conquest | 137 |
| The church and the Conquest | 138 |
| The state of the church on the eve of the Conquest | 139 |
| The immediate effects of the British invasion | 143 |
| British religious policy, 1759-1765 | 145 |
| The Quebec Act and its aftermath (1774-1776) | 154 |
| The Quebec Act, 1774 | 154 |
| The instructions to Carleton (1775) | 155 |
| The aftermath (1775-1776) | 156 |
| Suggested readings | 157 |
Chapter 9 | Revivals in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries | |
| The origins of Protestantism in Canada | 159 |
| The organization and governance of Protestant churches | 161 |
| Establishing Protestantism in Canada | 162 |
| Atlantic Canada | 163 |
| Upper Canada | 164 |
| The development and renewal of Protestantism | 165 |
| Protestant denominations | 166 |
| Protestant evangelicalism | 167 |
| Protestant revivals | 170 |
| Catholic renewal | 173 |
| Catholic ultramontanism | 173 |
| Ultramontanism in early-nineteenth-century Canada | 176 |
| Renewal in Amerindian religions | 177 |
| Suggested readings | 179 |
Chapter 10 | Missionary Agencies | |
| Protestant missionary agencies | 181 |
| Eighteenth-century agencies | 182 |
| Nineteenth-century agencies: the leading missionary agencies | 183 |
| Converting French Canada | 185 |
| Missions in Canada's northwest | 189 |
| Auxiliary missionary agencies | 189 |
| Catholic missionary agencies | 190 |
| Religious orders | 191 |
| Missionary agencies of men | 193 |
| Missionary agencies of women | 199 |
| Conclusion | 202 |
| Suggested readings | 202 |
Chapter 11 | The Churches and the State | |
| The structure and development of the churches | 206 |
| The Roman Catholic Church | 206 |
| The Church of England | 211 |
| The Presbyterians | 216 |
| Methodists | 217 |
| Baptists and other Protestants | 219 |
| Clergy reserves | 220 |
| The separation of church and state | 222 |
| Suggested readings | 224 |
Chapter 12 | The Evangelical Crusade | |
| Common characteristics of evangelical Christians | 226 |
| Consequences of evangelicalism in Canadian society | 229 |
| Protestant Diversity | 234 |
| Eschatology, Apocalyptic, Millennialism, and Adventism | 234 |
| Millennialism | 234 |
| Adventism | 238 |
| Holiness | 240 |
| Ultramontanism in Canada | 241 |
| Reinforcing the ultramontane centre | 243 |
| Moral teaching, piety, and devotions of ultramontane Catholics | 246 |
| Ultramontanes in Canadian society | 249 |
| Conclusion | 252 |
| Suggested readings | 252 |
Chapter 13 | Alternatives to the Evangelical Crusade | |
| Why some opposed the evangelical crusades | 255 |
| Social reasons | 256 |
| Intellectual reasons | 258 |
| Ideological reasons | 261 |
| Religious reasons | 263 |
| Christian alternatives to the evangelical crusade | 264 |
| Liberal Protestantism | 264 |
| Christian social reformers | 265 |
| Mennonites and Hutterites | 266 |
| Religious pluralism | 268 |
| Judaism | 270 |
| Spiritualism | 271 |
| Theosophy | 271 |
| Freemasonry | 272 |
| Amerindians | 273 |
| Louis Riel | 275 |
| The Metis leader | 275 |
| Riel's religion | 278 |
| The reaction to Riel's crusade | 281 |
| Suggested readings | 283 |
Chapter 14 | Confessional Education | |
| Education in Canada before 1850 | 285 |
| Schools in New France | 285 |
| Schools between 1760 and 1840 | 286 |
| The revolution in schools during the 1840s | 288 |
| Public and confessional schools in Canada after 1850 | 290 |
| Public schools | 290 |
| Separate schools | 294 |
| Recent developments in public and separate schools | 295 |
| The education of women | 296 |
| Colleges and universities | 298 |
| The education of Canada's Amerindians | 301 |
| Conclusion | 307 |
| Suggested readings | 308 |
Chapter 15 | Modernity versus Conservatism | |
| The meaning of modernity | 311 |
| The meaning of Christian conservatism | 314 |
| Religions divide over the issue of modernity | 315 |
| The Protestant reaction to modernity | 316 |
| The emerging conservative movement | 316 |
| Bible schools | 317 |
| Neo-orthodox theology | 318 |
| Fundamentalism divides denominations | 320 |
| The Catholic reaction to modernity | 322 |
| Reinforcing Catholic traditionalism | 323 |
| Modernism | 324 |
| The Jewish reaction to modernity | 327 |
| The Amerindian reaction to modernity | 328 |
| Conclusion | 329 |
| Suggested readings | 330 |
Chapter 16 | Social Christianity | |
| Introduction | 331 |
| The Social Gospel | 332 |
| What is the Social Gospel? | 333 |
| The leaders of the Social Gospel | 334 |
| The reaction of Protestant churches to the Social Gospel | 335 |
| The Protestant reform of Canada | 335 |
| Catholic social doctrine | 338 |
| The encyclical Rerum Novarum | 338 |
| Quadragesimo Anno | 339 |
| Renewed social doctrine after 1960 | 340 |
| Pope Paul VI | 341 |
| Pope John Paul II | 343 |
| Implementing Catholic social doctrine | 345 |
| Perennial social engagement by the Catholic Church | 345 |
| Intensified social action | 345 |
| Catholic Action | 348 |
| Conclusion | 350 |
| Suggested readings | 351 |
Chapter 17 | Secularization and Church Reform | |
| Secularization | 353 |
| Vatican II: the reform of Catholicism | 355 |
| The central objectives of Vatican II | 356 |
| Means to achieve these objectives | 356 |
| Protestantism in question | 366 |
| Cooperative Christianity | 369 |
| The World Council of Churches (WCC) | 370 |
| The Canadian Council of Churches (CCC) | 371 |
| The Evangelical Fellowship of Canada (EFC) | 372 |
| The Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops (CCCB) | 372 |
| Ecumenical social action | 373 |
| Recent developments in Canadian Christianity | 374 |
| Suggested readings | 376 |
Chapter 18 | Immigration and Religions | |
| Diverse religions of the world | 377 |
| World religions in contemporary Canada | 381 |
| Amerindian religions | 381 |
| Orthodox Christianity | 381 |
| Judaism | 384 |
| Islam | 389 |
| Hinduism | 393 |
| Sikhism | 395 |
| Buddhism | 397 |
| Religions of China and Japan | 399 |
| Ethnicity and religions | 401 |
| Canada's reactions to the newcomers | 402 |
| The churches' reactions to the newcomers | 405 |
| Suggested readings | 406 |
Chapter 19 | Alternative Religions | |
| Introduction | 409 |
| New religious movements | 411 |
| Primal North-American religion | 411 |
| Yoga | 411 |
| Hare Krishna (ISKCON) | 412 |
| Baha'i faith | 412 |
| Mormons | 413 |
| Jehovah's Witnesses | 415 |
| Christian Science | 416 |
| The Pentecostal movement | 417 |
| New religions | 420 |
| New religions among the Amerindians | 420 |
| The Church of Scientology | 422 |
| New Age | 422 |
| Conclusion | 430 |
| Suggested readings | 431 |
Chapter 20 | Epilogue: The Future of Religions in Canada | |
| Notes | 439 |
| Index | 459 |