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Before Nature: Cuneiform Knowledge and the History of Science
In the modern West, we take for granted that what we call the "natural world" confronts us all and always has--but Before Nature explores that almost unimaginable time when there was no such conception of "nature"--no word, reference, or sense for it. Before the concept of nature formed over the long history of European philosophy and science, our ancestors in ancient Assyria and Babylonia developed an inquiry into the world in a way that is kindred to our modern science. With Before Nature, Francesca Rochberg explores that Assyro-Babylonian knowledge tradition and shows how it relates to the entire history of science. From a modern, Western perspective, a world not conceived somehow within the framework of physical nature is difficult--if not impossible--to imagine. Yet, as Rochberg lays out, ancient investigations of regularity and irregularity, norms and anomalies clearly established an axis of knowledge between the knower and an intelligible, ordered world. Rochberg is the first scholar to make a case for how exactly we can understand cuneiform knowledge, observation, prediction, and explanation in relation to science--without recourse to later ideas of nature. Systematically examining the whole of Mesopotamian science with a distinctive historical and methodological approach, Before Nature will open up surprising new pathways for studying the history of science.
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Before Nature: Cuneiform Knowledge and the History of Science
In the modern West, we take for granted that what we call the "natural world" confronts us all and always has--but Before Nature explores that almost unimaginable time when there was no such conception of "nature"--no word, reference, or sense for it. Before the concept of nature formed over the long history of European philosophy and science, our ancestors in ancient Assyria and Babylonia developed an inquiry into the world in a way that is kindred to our modern science. With Before Nature, Francesca Rochberg explores that Assyro-Babylonian knowledge tradition and shows how it relates to the entire history of science. From a modern, Western perspective, a world not conceived somehow within the framework of physical nature is difficult--if not impossible--to imagine. Yet, as Rochberg lays out, ancient investigations of regularity and irregularity, norms and anomalies clearly established an axis of knowledge between the knower and an intelligible, ordered world. Rochberg is the first scholar to make a case for how exactly we can understand cuneiform knowledge, observation, prediction, and explanation in relation to science--without recourse to later ideas of nature. Systematically examining the whole of Mesopotamian science with a distinctive historical and methodological approach, Before Nature will open up surprising new pathways for studying the history of science.
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Before Nature: Cuneiform Knowledge and the History of Science
In the modern West, we take for granted that what we call the "natural world" confronts us all and always has--but Before Nature explores that almost unimaginable time when there was no such conception of "nature"--no word, reference, or sense for it. Before the concept of nature formed over the long history of European philosophy and science, our ancestors in ancient Assyria and Babylonia developed an inquiry into the world in a way that is kindred to our modern science. With Before Nature, Francesca Rochberg explores that Assyro-Babylonian knowledge tradition and shows how it relates to the entire history of science. From a modern, Western perspective, a world not conceived somehow within the framework of physical nature is difficult--if not impossible--to imagine. Yet, as Rochberg lays out, ancient investigations of regularity and irregularity, norms and anomalies clearly established an axis of knowledge between the knower and an intelligible, ordered world. Rochberg is the first scholar to make a case for how exactly we can understand cuneiform knowledge, observation, prediction, and explanation in relation to science--without recourse to later ideas of nature. Systematically examining the whole of Mesopotamian science with a distinctive historical and methodological approach, Before Nature will open up surprising new pathways for studying the history of science.
Francesca Rochberg is professor of Near Eastern studies at the University of California, Berkeley.
Table of Contents
Introduction: The Ancient Near East, Science, and NaturePart I. Historiography Chapter One. Science and Nature Chapter Two. Old Ideas about Myth and SciencePart II. Cuneiform Knowledge and Its Interpretive Framework Chapter Three. On Knowledge among Cuneiform Scholars Chapter Four. A Cuneiform Modality of OrderPart III. Rationality, Analogy, and Law Chapter Five. The Babylonians and the Rational Chapter Six. Causality and World OrderPart IV. The Cuneiform World of Observation, Prediction, and Explanation Chapter Seven. Observation of Astral Phenomena Chapter Eight. Prediction and Explanation in Cuneiform Scholarship Conclusion
Acknowledgments Abbreviations Notes Bibliography Index