Table of Contents
1 Beating Drug Tests and Defending Positive Results: A General Overview 1
1 Introduction 1
2 Commonly Abused Drugs in the United States 2
3 Workplace Drug Testing 3
4 How People Try to Beat Drug Tests? 3
5 How People Defend Positive Results? 5
6 Designer Drugs/Rave Party Drugs and Workplace Drug Testing 6
6.1 Detection of Designer/Rave Party Drugs 8
7 Conclusions 8
References 9
2 Pharmacology of Commonly Abused Drugs 11
1 Introduction 11
2 Amphetamine, Methamphetamine and Related Drugs 11
2.1 Metabolism of Amphetamine and Methamphetamine 12
2.2 Designer Drugs Derived from Amphetamines 12
2.3 Metabolism of Designer Drugs Derived from Amphetamines 14
2.4 Overdoses and Fatalities from Amphetamines and Related Drugs 15
3 Barbiturates 15
3.1 Metabolism and Fatality from Barbiturates 16
4 Benzodiazepines 17
4.1 Pharmacology of Benzodiazepines 17
4.2 Benzodiazepine Overdose and Fatality 18
5 Cannabinoids 19
5.1 Metabolism of THC 19
5.2 THC Overdose 20
6 Cocaine 20
6.1 Pharmacology of Cocaine 21
6.2 Abuse of Cocaine and Alcohol 22
6.3 Fatality from Cocaine and Cocaethylene 22
7 Opiates 22
7.1 Pharmacology of Opiates 23
8 Methadone 24
8.1 Pharmacology of Methadone 24
9 Phencyclidine 24
10 Propoxyphene 25
11 Methaqualone 26
12 Glutethimide 26
13 Conclusions 26
References 27
3 Workplace Drug Testing: SAMHSA and Non-SAMHSA Drugs 29
1 Introduction 29
2 SAMHSA Mandated Drugs 30
3 Testing of Various SAMHSA Mandated Drugs 31
3.1 Testing of Amphetamines 32
3.2 Testing of Cannabinoid (Marijuana) 33
3.3 Testing of Cocaine Metabolites 34
3.4 Testing of Opiates 36
3.5 Testing of Phencyclidine 37
4 Testing of Non-SAMHSA Drugs 38
4.1 Testing of Barbiturates 38
4.2 Testing of Benzodiazepines 40
4.3 Testing of Methadone 40
4.4 Testing of Propoxyphene 41
4.5 Testing of Methaqualone and Glutethimide 41
5 Miscellaneous Issues in Workplace Drug Testing 42
6 Conclusions 42
References 43
4 Synthetic Urine, Flushing, Detoxifying, and Related Agents for Beating Urine Drug Tests: Are They Effective? 45
1 Introduction 45
2 Synthetic Urine 46
3 Composition of Synthetic Urine 47
4 Specimen Integrity Testing 47
5 Prosthetic Penis and Workplace Drug Testing 48
5.1 Catheterization for Substituting Urine 49
6 Flushing and Detoxifying Products 50
6.1 Water Intoxication 51
6.2 Diluted Urine and Drug Testing 51
6.3 SAMHSA Criteria for Diluted/Substituted Urine 53
6.4 Diluted Urine: Case Studies 54
6.5 Do These Agents Work? 55
7 Herbals to Beat Drug Tests 56
8 Various Drugs and False Negative/Positive Screening Assay Results 57
9 Conclusions 58
References 58
5 Household Chemicals and Internet Based Products for Beating Urine Drug Tests 61
1 Introduction 61
2 Household Chemicals as Urinary Adulterants 62
2.1 Effect of Various Adulterants on Immunoassay Screening 63
2.2 Effect of Various Household Adulterants on Specimen Integrity Testing 65
3 Internet Based Urinary Adulterants 67
3.1 Adulteration Product Urine Luck 67
3.2 Adulteration Products Containing Nitrite 68
3.3 Adulteration with Glutaraldehyde Containing Products 69
3.4 Stealth as a Urinary Adulterant 70
3.5 Papain as Urinary Adulterant 71
4 Detection of Internet Based Adulterants 71
4.1 Testing for Urine Luck 71
4.2 Testing for Nitrite 72
4.3 Testing for Stealth 73
4.4 Testing for Glutaraldehyde 73
4.5 Onsite Adulteration Check and Automated Assays 73
5 Federal Guidelines for Additional Testing to Detect Adulterants 75
6 A Case Study 75
7 Conclusions 76
References 76
6 Adulterating Hair, Oral Fluid, and Sweat Specimens for Drug Testing 79
1 Introduction 79
2 Hair Drug Testing 80
2.1 Hair Color and Incorporation of Drugs 81
2.2 Environmental Contamination and Hair Drug Testing 81
2.3 Adulteration of Hair Specimens 83
3 Oral Fluid Testing for Abused Drugs 84
3.1 Adulteration of Oral Fluid 85
4 Sweat Testing 86
4.1 Adulteration Issues 86
5 Conclusions 87
References 87
7 Defending Positive Opiate and Marijuana Test Results 89
1 Introduction 89
2 Poppy Seeds and Opium 90
2.1 Opium Content of Various Poppy Seeds 90
2.2 Poppy Seed and Allergy 91
2.3 Opiate Level After Consumption of Poppy Tea (Opium Tea) 91
2.4 Consumption of Poppy Seed Containing Food and Urinary Opiates 92
2.5 Consumption of Poppy Seed Containing Food and Opiate Levels in Other Matrix 94
2.6 Consumption of Poppy Seed Containing Food and Impairment 95
2.7 Brown Mixture and Opiate Levels 95
2.8 Legal Consequence of Positive Opiate Due to Ingestion of Poppy Seed Containing Food 95
3 Marker for Poppy Seed Consumption in Urine 96
4 Defending Positive Marijuana Results 97
4.1 Passive Inhalation of Marijuana 97
4.2 Consumption of Hemp Products 97
5 Case Study 99
6 Conclusions 99
References 100
8 Defending Positive Cocaine Tests 103
1 Introduction 103
2 Herbal Tea and Cocaine 104
2.1 Coca Tea and Urinary Level of Benzoylecgonine 105
2.2 Legal Consequence of Positive Cocaine Due to Ingestion of Coca Tea 106
3 Mugwort and Positive Cocaine 107
4 Procaine and Workplace Drug Testing 107
5 Benzocaine, Tetracaine, Lidocaine, and Workplace Drug Testing 108
6 Paper Money Contaminated with Cocaine 109
6.1 Handling Money Contaminated with Cocaine and Drug Testing 110
7 Passive Inhalation/Exposure of Cocaine 111
8 Case Studies 112
9 Conclusions 112
References 113
9 Defending Positive Amphetamine Results 115
1 Introduction 115
2 OTC and Prescription Drugs that Produce False Positives with Amphetamine/Methamphetamine Immunoassays 116
3 Use of Vicks® Inhaler and Positive Methamphetamine Test 117
4 Herbal Weight Loss Products and Amphetamine Assay 119
5 Bitter Orange and Amphetamine Immunoassay 120
6 False Positive GC/MS Methamphetamine Due to Ephedrine or Pseudoephedrine 121
7 False Positive Amphetamine Due to Prescription Drug Mebeverine 122
8 Analytical True Positive Amphetamine/Methamphetamine 125
9 Case Studies 126
10 Conclusions 127
References 127
10 Analytical True Positives in Workplace Drugs Testings Due to Use of Prescription and OTC Medications 131
1 Introduction 131
2 Prescription Medications Containing Benzodiazepines 132
3 Topical Use of Cocaine and Workplace Drug Testing 134
4 Prescription Opiates and Workplace Drug Testing 135
4.1 Detection of Hydromorphone After Medical Use of Morphine 136
4.2 Detection of Hydrocodone After Medical Use of Codeine 137
5 OTC Opiates and Workplace Drug Testing 138
6 Marinol and Workplace Drug Testing 138
6.1 Marijuana and Chocolate 139
7 Conclusions 139
References 140
Subject Index 143
