Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering

by David Himmelblau, James Riggs

Overview

The Number One Guide to Chemical Engineering Principles, Techniques, Calculations, and Applications: Now Even More Current, Efficient, and Practical

 

Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering, Eighth Edition goes far beyond traditional introductory chemical engineering topics, presenting applications that reflect the full scope of contemporary chemical, petroleum, and environmental engineering. Celebrating its fiftieth Anniversary as the field’s leading practical introduction, it has been extensively updated and reorganized to cover today’s principles and calculations more efficiently, and to present far more coverage of bioengineering, nanoengineering, and green engineering.

 

Offering a strong foundation of skills and knowledge for successful study and practice, it guides students through formulating and solving material and energy balance problems, as well as describing gases, liquids, and vapors. Throughout, the authors introduce efficient, consistent, student-friendly methods for solving problems, analyzing data, and gaining a conceptual, application-based understanding of modern chemical engineering processes. This edition’s improvements include many new problems, examples, and homework assignments.

 

Coverage includes

• Modular chapters designed to support introductory chemical engineering courses of any length
  
• Thorough introductions to unit conversions, basis selection, and process measurements
• Consistent, sound strategies for solving material and energy balance problems
• Clear introductions to key concepts ranging from stoichiometry to enthalpy
• Behavior of gases, liquids, and solids: ideal/real gases, single component two-phase systems, gas-liquid systems, and more
• Self-assessment questions to help readers identify areas they don’t fully understand
  
• Thought/discussion and homework problems in every chapter
  
• New biotech and bioengineering problems throughout
  
• New examples and homework on nanotechnology, environmental engineering, and green engineering
  
• Extensive tables, charts, and glossaries in each chapte
  
• Many new student projects
  
• Reference appendices presenting atomic weights and numbers, Pitzer Z factors, heats of formation and combustion, and more

 

Practical, readable, and exceptionally easy to use, Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering, Eighth Edition, is the definitive chemical engineering introduction for students, license candidates, practicing engineers, and scientists.

 

This is the digital version of the print title. Access to the CD content that accompanies the print title is available through product registration. See the instructions in back pages of your digital edition.

 

CD-ROM INCLUDES

• The latest Polymath trial software for solving linear, nonlinear, and differential equations and regression problems
  
• Point-and-click physical property database containing 700+ compounds
• Supplemental Problems Workbook containing 100+ solved problems
  
• Descriptions and animations of modern process equipment
• Chapters on degrees of freedom, process simulation, and unsteady-state material balances
  
• Expert advice for beginners on problem-solving in chemical engineering

 

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780132901086
Publisher:	Pearson Education
Publication date:	05/31/2012
Series:	International Series in the Physical and Chemical Engineering Sciences
Sold by:	Barnes & Noble
Format:	eBook
Pages:	768
File size:	73 MB
Note:	This product may take a few minutes to download.
Age Range:	18 Years

About the Author

David M. Himmelblau was (until his death in April) the American Petrofina Foundation Centennial Professor in Chemical Engineering at the University of Texas, Austin. The author of sixteen books, his areas of research included the use of artificial neural networks for fault diagnosis and data rectification. James B. Riggs is Professor in the Chemical Engineering Department at Texas Tech University, where he directs the Texas Tech Process Control and Optimization Consortium. His books include Chemical Process Control, Second Edition and An Introduction to Numerical Methods for Chemical Engineers, Second Edition.

Read an Excerpt

Preface

This book is intended to serve as an introduction to the principles and techniques used in the field of chemical, petroleum, and environmental engineering. Although the range of subjects deemed to be in the province of "chemical engineering" has broadened over the last decade, the basic principles involved in chemical engineering remain the same. This book lays a foundation of certain information and skills that can be repeatedly employed in subsequent courses as well as in professional life.

New Features in the Seventh Edition

The seventh edition is a completely rewritten and revised version of Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering. Instead of five long chapters, the book is now comprised of 32 short chapters, each typically corresponding to one class session in a schedule of three meetings a week. New features include:

1. A consistent, sound strategy for solving material balance and energy balance problems, one can be used again and again as a framework for solving word problems, which is explained in Chapter 7. All of the examples in this book showing how to solve material and energy balances have been formulated according to this strategy.
2. The examples and problems in each chapter have been augmented to include expanded areas of importance to chemical engineers such as safety, semiconductor processing, and biotechnology.
3. The chapters on material balances have been revised to offer practice in finding out what the problem is, defining it, collecting data to be used in the problem, analyzing the information pertaining to the problem in order to relate it to what you know about similar problems, and, in effect, doing everything but testing the solution experimentally.
4. The extent of reaction has been added to the tools used to solve problems involving chemical reactions.
5. The degree of freedom analysis in solving problems has been emphasized and simplified.
6. A glossary has been added to each chapter.
7. On the CD that accompanies this book is
8. A new version of Polymath, a self-documented, widely used software package that runs on PCs and can solve linear, nonlinear, and differential equations as well as regression problems.
9. A new physical properties database that contains retrievable physical properties (such as vapor pressures and heat capacities and enthalpies for 740 compounds plus the steam tables).

Our Motivation for Writing This Book

Far too many chemical engineering textbooks have become difficult, dry, and demoralizing for their readers. With this book, we have maintained a conversational style and detailed explanation of principles both in the text and examples to provide a readable yet comprehensive text. We have strived to maintain a suitable balance between understanding and developing skills. Our vision is to avoid comments (from a student about a different text) such as: "My text is useless, well not really, I use it to kill roaches in my room."

Piaget has argued that human intelligence proceeds in stages from the concrete to the abstract and that one of the biggest problems in teaching is that the teachers are formal reasoners (using abstraction) while many students are still concrete thinkers or at best in transition to formal operational thinking. We believe that there is considerable truth in this viewpoint. Consequently, we initiate most topics with simple examples that illustrate the basic ideas. In this book the topics are presented in order of assimilation. We start with easy material followed by more difficult material to give readers a "breather" before passing over each hump.

Assumed Prerequisites

The level of the book is directed to the first course in chemical engineering, which usually occurs in a student's sophomore year. We have assumed that you as a reader to have completed the second part of calculus and started organic chemistry. Familiarity with hand-held calculators is essential, but computer programming is not. Familiarity with PC software would be helpful, but is not critical.

Intended Audience

We believe that the main category of individuals who will use this book will be students of chemical engineering. However, the book is well designed for courses for nonchemical engineers as well as independent study, long-distance learning, and review for licensing examinations through its self-assessment features.

Our Objectives

This book is not an introduction to chemical engineering as a profession. We have focused instead on five general objectives in writing this book:

1. To introduce you to the principles and calculation techniques used in chemical engineering.
2. To acquaint you with what material and energy balances are, and how to formulate and solve them.
3. To assist you in learning efficient and consistent methods of problem solving so that you can effectively solve problems you will encounter after leaving school.
4. To offer practice in defining problems, collecting data, analyzing the data and breaking it down into basic patterns, and selecting pertinent information for application.
5. To review certain principles of applied physical chemistry.

In addition to focusing on the five above objectives, we expose you to background information on units and measurements of physical properties; basic laws about the behavior of gases, liquids, and solids; and some basic mathematical tools. Other objectives that an instructor may want to include in a course, such as programming and communication skills, information about professional activities, developing a professional attitude, establishing personal goals, developing social awareness, and so on, must be implemented from other sources. Economic feasibility, a major factor in engineering decision making, costing, and optimization, have been omitted because of lack of space.

We have not focused on using process simulation software to analyze and solve problems even though it is very good in exploring and handling "what if" questions as well as removing some of the drudgery in solving problems because

1. 1. the pedagogy is too closely aligned to cookbook-style problem solving;
2. learning how to use the software with ease takes some time; and
3. development of a problem-solving strategy is taken out of the hands of the user by the software programmers. The software provides too much guidance for neophytes.

Organization and Scope of this Book

The major portion of the book comprises four parts:

Part 1. Background information (Chapters 1-5)

Part 2. Material balances (Chapters 6-12)

Part 3. Behavior of gases, liquids, and solids (Chapters 13-20)

Part 4. Energy balances (Chapters 21-29)

In addition, on the accompanying CD, Chapter 30 treats the degrees of freedom, Chapter 31 process simulators, and Chapter 32 unsteady state material and energy balances.

A series of appendices follow that include, in addition to tables and charts of physical properties, miscellaneous information you will find useful. Look at the Table of Contents for details.

In the CD that accompanies this book you will find several valuable tools:

1. Polymath: Software that solves equations, and can be used without reading any instructions.
2. Software to retrieve physical property data for over 740 compounds.
3. A Supplementary Problems Workbook containing 100 problems with complete detailed solutions, and another 100 problems with answers.
4. Descriptions of process equipment, and animations that illustrate the functions of the equipment.
5. Problem-solving suggestions including check lists to help you diagnose and overcome problem-solving difficulties you may experience.

To provide an appreciation of what processing equipment really looks like and how it works, in the files on the CD disk in the worked-out problems are numerous pictures of the equipment along with an explanation of their function and operation.

Problem Sets

We have included several categories of problems in the books to assist in self-study.

1. Self-assessment tests with answers (in Appendix A) follow each section.
2. Thought and discussion problems follow the self-assessment tests. Thought problems require reflection more than calculation. Discussion problems, which can be used as the basis of research, papers, and class discussions, pertain to broader issues and are more open ended.
3. Homework-type problems are listed at the end of each chapter, one-third of which have answers (in Appendix N). Each of the problems is rated 1 to 3 (using asterisks) to indicate the degree of difficulty, with 3 being the most difficult.
4. The CD contains more than 100 worked-out examples and another 100 problems with answers keyed to sections in the chapters in the text.

All of the examples and problems are designed to build your problem-solving skills.

Miscellaneous Useful Features in this Book

To make the book more usable and friendly, we have incorporated a number of beneficial features:

1. A list of contents at the beginning of each chapter.
2. A list of instructional objectives at the beginning of each chapter.
3. Important terms appear in boldface type.
4. A glossary has been placed at the end of each chapter.
5. Supplementary references that you can use to get additional information are listed at the end of each chapter.
6. Web sites containing information and links are listed at the end of each chapter.
7. The examples are simple and concrete so that the book is both teachable and useful for self instruction.
8. The chapter topics are independent but linked through a few principles.
9. The examples demonstrate a proven problem-solving strategy.

Table of Contents

Preface         xiii

Read Me         xv

Acknowledgements         xix

About the Authors         xx

 

PART I: INTRODUCTION          1

Chapter 1: What are Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering?         3

1.1 Introduction   3

1.2 A Brief History of Chemical Engineering   4

1.3 Where Do Chemical and Bioengineers Work?   6

1.4 Future Contributions of Chemical and Bioengineering   7

1.5 Conclusion   10

 

Chapter 2: Introductory Concepts         11

2.1 Systems of Units   12

2.2 Conversion of Units   17

2.3 Dimensional Consistency   25

2.4 Significant Figures   29

2.5 Validation of Results   36

2.6 The Mole and Molecular Weight   37

2.7 Choosing a Basis   44

2.8 Density and Specific Gravity   49

2.9 Concentration   55

2.10 Temperature   59

2.11 Pressure and Hydrostatic Head   65

2.12 Flow Rate   78

 

Part II: Material Balances         99

Chapter 3: Material Balances          101

3.1 Introduction to Material Balances   102

3.2 A General Strategy for Solving Material Balance Problems   123

 

Chapter 4: Material Balances without Reaction          159

 

Chapter 5: Material Balances Involving Reactions         189

5.1 Stoichiometry   190

5.2 Terminology for Reaction Systems   198

5.3 Species Mole Balances   210

5.4 Element Material Balances   226

5.5 Material Balances for Combustion Systems   233

 

Chapter 6: Material Balances for Multi-Unit Systems         267

6.1 Primary Concepts   268

6.2 Sequential Multi-Unit Systems   271

6.3 Recycle Systems   290

6.4 Bypass and Purge   306

6.5 The Industrial Application of Material Balances   314

 

Part III: Gases, Vapors, and Liquids          347

Chapter 7: Ideal and Real Gases         349

7.1 Ideal Gases   350

7.2 Real Gases: Equations of State   366

7.3 Real Gases: Compressibility Charts   377

7.4 Real Gas Mixtures   384

 

Chapter 8: Multiphase Equilibrium          411

8.1 Introduction   411

8.2 Phase Diagrams and the Phase Rule   413

8.3 Single Component Two-Phase Systems (Vapor Pressure)   425

8.4 Two-Component Gas/Single-Component Liquid Systems   436

8.5 Two Component Gas/Two Component Liquid Systems   455

8.6 Multicomponent Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium    466

 

Part IV: Energy           487

Chapter 9: Energy Balances         489

9.1 Terminology Associated with Energy Balances   491

9.2 Types of Energy to Be Included in Energy Balances   496

9.3 Energy Balances without Reaction   530

 

Chapter 10: Energy Balances: How to Account for Chemical Reaction          597

10.1 The Standard Heat (Enthalpy) of Formation   598

10.2 The Heat (Enthalpy) of Reaction   603

10.3 Integration of Heat of Formation and Sensible Heat   614

10.4 The Heat (Enthalpy) of Combustion   635

 

CHAPTER 11: Humidity (Psychrometric) Charts and Their Use 653

11.1 Terminology 654

11.2 The Humidity (Psychrometric) Chart 657

11.3 Applications of the Humidity Chart 666

 

Part V: Supplementary Material           681

Chapter 12: Analysis Of The Degrees Of Freedom in a Steady-State Process          683

Chapter 13: Heats of Solution and Mixing         708

Chapter 14: The Mechanical Energy Balance          728

Chapter 15: Liquids and Gases in Equilibrium with Solids          756

Chapter 16: Solving Material and Energy Balances UsingProcess Simulators (Flowsheeting Codes)         768

Chapter 17: Unsteady-State Material And Energy Balances          800

 

Appendixes          827

Appendix A: Answers to Supplemental Questions and Problems 829

Appendix B: Atomic Weights and Numbers         844

Appendix C: Table of the Pitzer Z0 and Z1 Factors         845

Appendix D: Heats of Formation and Combustion         850

Appendix E: Answers to Selected Problems         854

Appendix F: Physical Properties Of Various Organic And Inorganic Substances         861

Appendix G: Heat Capacity Equations         873

Appendix H: Vapor Pressures         877

Appendix I: Heats of Solution and Dilution         878

Appendix J: Enthalpy-Concentration Data          879

Appendix K: Thermodynamic Charts         886

Appendix L: Physical Properties of Petroleum Fractions         893

Appendix M: Solution of Sets of Equations          902

Appendix N: Fitting Functions to Data          924

 

Index         928

Introduction

Preface

This book is intended to serve as an introduction to the principles and techniques used in the field of chemical, petroleum, and environmental engineering. Although the range of subjects deemed to be in the province of "chemical engineering" has broadened over the last decade, the basic principles involved in chemical engineering remain the same. This book lays a foundation of certain information and skills that can be repeatedly employed in subsequent courses as well as in professional life.

New Features in the Seventh Edition

The seventh edition is a completely rewritten and revised version of Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering. Instead of five long chapters, the book is now comprised of 32 short chapters, each typically corresponding to one class session in a schedule of three meetings a week. New features include:

1. A consistent, sound strategy for solving material balance and energy balance problems, one can be used again and again as a framework for solving word problems, which is explained in Chapter 7. All of the examples in this book showing how to solve material and energy balances have been formulated according to this strategy.
2. The examples and problems in each chapter have been augmented to include expanded areas of importance to chemical engineers such as safety, semiconductor processing, and biotechnology.
3. The chapters on material balances have been revised to offer practice in finding out what the problem is, defining it, collecting data to be used in the problem, analyzing the information pertaining to the problem in order to relate it to what you know about similar problems,and, in effect, doing everything but testing the solution experimentally.
4. The extent of reaction has been added to the tools used to solve problems involving chemical reactions.
5. The degree of freedom analysis in solving problems has been emphasized and simplified.
6. A glossary has been added to each chapter.
7. On the CD that accompanies this book is
8. A new version of Polymath, a self-documented, widely used software package that runs on PCs and can solve linear, nonlinear, and differential equations as well as regression problems.
9. A new physical properties database that contains retrievable physical properties (such as vapor pressures and heat capacities and enthalpies for 740 compounds plus the steam tables).

Our Motivation for Writing This Book

Far too many chemical engineering textbooks have become difficult, dry, and demoralizing for their readers. With this book, we have maintained a conversational style and detailed explanation of principles both in the text and examples to provide a readable yet comprehensive text. We have strived to maintain a suitable balance between understanding and developing skills. Our vision is to avoid comments (from a student about a different text) such as: "My text is useless, well not really, I use it to kill roaches in my room."

Piaget has argued that human intelligence proceeds in stages from the concrete to the abstract and that one of the biggest problems in teaching is that the teachers are formal reasoners (using abstraction) while many students are still concrete thinkers or at best in transition to formal operational thinking. We believe that there is cons viewpoint. Consequently, we initiate most topics with simple examples that illustrate the basic ideas. In this book the topics are presented in order of assimilation. We start with easy material followed by more difficult material to give readers a "breather" before passing over each hump.

Assumed Prerequisites

The level of the book is directed to the first course in chemical engineering, which usually occurs in a student's sophomore year. We have assumed that you as a reader to have completed the second part of calculus and started organic chemistry. Familiarity with hand-held calculators is essential, but computer programming is not. Familiarity with PC software would be helpful, but is not critical.

Intended Audience

We believe that the main category of individuals who will use this book will be students of chemical engineering. However, the book is well designed for courses for nonchemical engineers as well as independent study, long-distance learning, and review for licensing examinations through its self-assessment features.

Our Objectives

This book is not an introduction to chemical engineering as a profession. We have focused instead on five general objectives in writing this book:

1. To introduce you to the principles and calculation techniques used in chemical engineering.
2. To acquaint you with what material and energy balances are, and how to formulate and solve them.
3. To assist you in learning efficient and consistent methods of problem solving so that you can effectively solve problems you will encounter after leaving school.
4. To offer practice in defining problems, collecting data, analyzing t breaking it down into basic patterns, and selecting pertinent information for application.
5. To review certain principles of applied physical chemistry.

In addition to focusing on the five above objectives, we expose you to background information on units and measurements of physical properties; basic laws about the behavior of gases, liquids, and solids; and some basic mathematical tools. Other objectives that an instructor may want to include in a course, such as programming and communication skills, information about professional activities, developing a professional attitude, establishing personal goals, developing social awareness, and so on, must be implemented from other sources. Economic feasibility, a major factor in engineering decision making, costing, and optimization, have been omitted because of lack of space.

We have not focused on using process simulation software to analyze and solve problems even though it is very good in exploring and handling "what if" questions as well as removing some of the drudgery in solving problems because

1. 1. the pedagogy is too closely aligned to cookbook-style problem solving;
2. learning how to use the software with ease takes some time; and
3. development of a problem-solving strategy is taken out of the hands of the user by the software programmers. The software provides too much guidance for neophytes.

Organization and Scope of this Book

The major portion of the book comprises four parts:

Part 1. Background information (Chapters 1-5)

Part 2. Material balances (Chapters 6-12)

Part 3. Behavior of gases, liquids, and solids (Chapters 13-20)

Part 4. Ener (Chapters 21-29)

In addition, on the accompanying CD, Chapter 30 treats the degrees of freedom, Chapter 31 process simulators, and Chapter 32 unsteady state material and energy balances.

A series of appendices follow that include, in addition to tables and charts of physical properties, miscellaneous information you will find useful. Look at the Table of Contents for details.

In the CD that accompanies this book you will find several valuable tools:

1. Polymath: Software that solves equations, and can be used without reading any instructions.
2. Software to retrieve physical property data for over 740 compounds.
3. A Supplementary Problems Workbook containing 100 problems with complete detailed solutions, and another 100 problems with answers.
4. Descriptions of process equipment, and animations that illustrate the functions of the equipment.
5. Problem-solving suggestions including check lists to help you diagnose and overcome problem-solving difficulties you may experience.

To provide an appreciation of what processing equipment really looks like and how it works, in the files on the CD disk in the worked-out problems are numerous pictures of the equipment along with an explanation of their function and operation.

Problem Sets

We have included several categories of problems in the books to assist in self-study.

1. Self-assessment tests with answers (in Appendix A) follow each section.
2. Thought and discussion problems follow the self-assessment tests. Thought problems require reflection more than calculation. Discussion problems, which can be used as the basis of research, papers pertain to broader issues and are more open ended.
3. Homework-type problems are listed at the end of each chapter, one-third of which have answers (in Appendix N). Each of the problems is rated 1 to 3 (using asterisks) to indicate the degree of difficulty, with 3 being the most difficult.
4. The CD contains more than 100 worked-out examples and another 100 problems with answers keyed to sections in the chapters in the text.

All of the examples and problems are designed to build your problem-solving skills.

Miscellaneous Useful Features in this Book

To make the book more usable and friendly, we have incorporated a number of beneficial features:

1. A list of contents at the beginning of each chapter.
2. A list of instructional objectives at the beginning of each chapter.
3. Important terms appear in boldface type.
4. A glossary has been placed at the end of each chapter.
5. Supplementary references that you can use to get additional information are listed at the end of each chapter.
6. Web sites containing information and links are listed at the end of each chapter.
7. The examples are simple and concrete so that the book is both teachable and useful for self instruction.
8. The chapter topics are independent but linked through a few principles.
9. The examples demonstrate a proven problem-solving strategy.