Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering

by David Himmelblau, James Riggs

Overview

The #1 Guide to Chemical Engineering Principles, Techniques, Calculations, and Applications—Revised, Streamlined, and Modernized with New Examples

Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering, Ninth Edition, has been thoroughly revised, streamlined, and updated to reflect sweeping changes in the chemical engineering field. This introductory guide addresses the full scope of contemporary chemical, petroleum, and environmental engineering applications and contains extensive new coverage and examples related to biotech, nanotech, green/environmental engineering, and process safety, with many new MATLAB and Python problems throughout.

Authors David M. Himmelblau and James B. Riggs offer a strong foundation of skills and knowledge for successful study and practice, guiding students through formulating and solving material and energy balance problems, as well as describing gases, liquids, and vapors. Throughout, they introduce efficient, consistent, learner-friendly ways to solve problems, analyze data, and gain a conceptual, application-based understanding of modern processes.

This edition condenses coverage from previous editions to serve today's students and faculty more efficiently. In two entirely new chapters, the authors provide a comprehensive introduction to dynamic material and energy balances, as well as psychrometric charts.

• Modular chapters designed to support introductory courses of any length
• Introductions to unit conversions, basis selection, and process measurements
• Strategies for solving diverse material and energy balance problems, including material balances with chemical reaction and for multi-unit processes, and energy balances with reaction
• Clear introductions to key concepts ranging from stoichiometry to enthalpy
• Coverage of ideal/real gases, multi-phase equilibria, unsteady-state material, humidity (psychrometric) charts, and more
• Self-assessment questions to help readers identify areas they don't fully understand
• Thought, discussion, and homework problems in every chapter
• New biotech, bioengineering, nanotechnology, green/environmental engineering, and process safety coverage
• Relevant new MATLAB and Python homework problems and projects
• Extensive tables, charts, and glossaries in each chapter
• Reference appendices presenting atomic weights and numbers, Pitzer Z^0/Z^1 factors, heats of formation and combustion, and more

Easier than ever to use, this book is the definitive practical introduction for students, license candidates, practicing engineers, and scientists.

Supplemental Online Content (available with book registration):

• Three additional chapters on Heats of Solution and Mixing, Liquids and Gases in Equilibrium with Solids, and Solving Material and Energy Balances with Process Simulators (Flowsheeting Codes)
• Nine additional appendices: Physical Properties of Various Organic and Inorganic Substances, Heat Capacity Equations, Vapor Pressures, Heats of Solution and Dilution, Enthalpy-Concentration Data, Thermodynamic Charts, Physical Properties of Petroleum Fractions, Solution of Sets of Equations, Fitting Functions to Data

Register your book for convenient access to downloads, updates, and/or corrections as they become available. See inside book for details.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780137327171
Publisher:	Pearson Education
Publication date:	08/08/2022
Series:	International Series in the Physical and Chemical Engineering Sciences
Edition description:	9th ed.
Pages:	896
Product dimensions:	7.88(w) x 10.00(h) x 1.13(d)

About the Author

David M. Himmelblau was Paul D. and Betty Robertson Meek and American Petrofina Foundation Centennial Professor Emeritus in Chemical Engineering at the University of Texas, where he taught for forty-two years. He authored eleven books and more than two hundred articles on process analysis, fault detection, and optimization. He was president of the CACHE Corporation, and director of AIChE.

James B. Riggs was a university professor for thirty years. Twenty-five of those years were spent at Texas Tech University, where he founded and directed the Texas Tech Process Control and Optimization Consortium. He authored several popular textbooks, including Computational Methods for Engineers with MATLAB Applications, Thirteenth Edition; Programming with MATLAB for Engineers, Fourteenth Edition; and Chemical and Bio-Process Control, Fifth Edition.

Read an Excerpt

Preface

This book is intended to serve as an introduction to the principles and techniques used in the field of chemical, petroleum, and environmental engineering. Although the range of subjects deemed to be in the province of "chemical engineering" has broadened over the last decade, the basic principles involved in chemical engineering remain the same. This book lays a foundation of certain information and skills that can be repeatedly employed in subsequent courses as well as in professional life.

New Features in the Seventh Edition

The seventh edition is a completely rewritten and revised version of Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering. Instead of five long chapters, the book is now comprised of 32 short chapters, each typically corresponding to one class session in a schedule of three meetings a week. New features include:

1. A consistent, sound strategy for solving material balance and energy balance problems, one can be used again and again as a framework for solving word problems, which is explained in Chapter 7. All of the examples in this book showing how to solve material and energy balances have been formulated according to this strategy.
2. The examples and problems in each chapter have been augmented to include expanded areas of importance to chemical engineers such as safety, semiconductor processing, and biotechnology.
3. The chapters on material balances have been revised to offer practice in finding out what the problem is, defining it, collecting data to be used in the problem, analyzing the information pertaining to the problem in order to relate it to what you know about similar problems, and, in effect, doing everything but testing the solution experimentally.
4. The extent of reaction has been added to the tools used to solve problems involving chemical reactions.
5. The degree of freedom analysis in solving problems has been emphasized and simplified.
6. A glossary has been added to each chapter.
7. On the CD that accompanies this book is
8. A new version of Polymath, a self-documented, widely used software package that runs on PCs and can solve linear, nonlinear, and differential equations as well as regression problems.
9. A new physical properties database that contains retrievable physical properties (such as vapor pressures and heat capacities and enthalpies for 740 compounds plus the steam tables).

Our Motivation for Writing This Book

Far too many chemical engineering textbooks have become difficult, dry, and demoralizing for their readers. With this book, we have maintained a conversational style and detailed explanation of principles both in the text and examples to provide a readable yet comprehensive text. We have strived to maintain a suitable balance between understanding and developing skills. Our vision is to avoid comments (from a student about a different text) such as: "My text is useless, well not really, I use it to kill roaches in my room."

Piaget has argued that human intelligence proceeds in stages from the concrete to the abstract and that one of the biggest problems in teaching is that the teachers are formal reasoners (using abstraction) while many students are still concrete thinkers or at best in transition to formal operational thinking. We believe that there is considerable truth in this viewpoint. Consequently, we initiate most topics with simple examples that illustrate the basic ideas. In this book the topics are presented in order of assimilation. We start with easy material followed by more difficult material to give readers a "breather" before passing over each hump.

Assumed Prerequisites

The level of the book is directed to the first course in chemical engineering, which usually occurs in a student's sophomore year. We have assumed that you as a reader to have completed the second part of calculus and started organic chemistry. Familiarity with hand-held calculators is essential, but computer programming is not. Familiarity with PC software would be helpful, but is not critical.

Intended Audience

We believe that the main category of individuals who will use this book will be students of chemical engineering. However, the book is well designed for courses for nonchemical engineers as well as independent study, long-distance learning, and review for licensing examinations through its self-assessment features.

Our Objectives

This book is not an introduction to chemical engineering as a profession. We have focused instead on five general objectives in writing this book:

1. To introduce you to the principles and calculation techniques used in chemical engineering.
2. To acquaint you with what material and energy balances are, and how to formulate and solve them.
3. To assist you in learning efficient and consistent methods of problem solving so that you can effectively solve problems you will encounter after leaving school.
4. To offer practice in defining problems, collecting data, analyzing the data and breaking it down into basic patterns, and selecting pertinent information for application.
5. To review certain principles of applied physical chemistry.

In addition to focusing on the five above objectives, we expose you to background information on units and measurements of physical properties; basic laws about the behavior of gases, liquids, and solids; and some basic mathematical tools. Other objectives that an instructor may want to include in a course, such as programming and communication skills, information about professional activities, developing a professional attitude, establishing personal goals, developing social awareness, and so on, must be implemented from other sources. Economic feasibility, a major factor in engineering decision making, costing, and optimization, have been omitted because of lack of space.

We have not focused on using process simulation software to analyze and solve problems even though it is very good in exploring and handling "what if" questions as well as removing some of the drudgery in solving problems because

1. 1. the pedagogy is too closely aligned to cookbook-style problem solving;
2. learning how to use the software with ease takes some time; and
3. development of a problem-solving strategy is taken out of the hands of the user by the software programmers. The software provides too much guidance for neophytes.

Organization and Scope of this Book

The major portion of the book comprises four parts:

Part 1. Background information (Chapters 1-5)

Part 2. Material balances (Chapters 6-12)

Part 3. Behavior of gases, liquids, and solids (Chapters 13-20)

Part 4. Energy balances (Chapters 21-29)

In addition, on the accompanying CD, Chapter 30 treats the degrees of freedom, Chapter 31 process simulators, and Chapter 32 unsteady state material and energy balances.

A series of appendices follow that include, in addition to tables and charts of physical properties, miscellaneous information you will find useful. Look at the Table of Contents for details.

In the CD that accompanies this book you will find several valuable tools:

1. Polymath: Software that solves equations, and can be used without reading any instructions.
2. Software to retrieve physical property data for over 740 compounds.
3. A Supplementary Problems Workbook containing 100 problems with complete detailed solutions, and another 100 problems with answers.
4. Descriptions of process equipment, and animations that illustrate the functions of the equipment.
5. Problem-solving suggestions including check lists to help you diagnose and overcome problem-solving difficulties you may experience.

To provide an appreciation of what processing equipment really looks like and how it works, in the files on the CD disk in the worked-out problems are numerous pictures of the equipment along with an explanation of their function and operation.

Problem Sets

We have included several categories of problems in the books to assist in self-study.

1. Self-assessment tests with answers (in Appendix A) follow each section.
2. Thought and discussion problems follow the self-assessment tests. Thought problems require reflection more than calculation. Discussion problems, which can be used as the basis of research, papers, and class discussions, pertain to broader issues and are more open ended.
3. Homework-type problems are listed at the end of each chapter, one-third of which have answers (in Appendix N). Each of the problems is rated 1 to 3 (using asterisks) to indicate the degree of difficulty, with 3 being the most difficult.
4. The CD contains more than 100 worked-out examples and another 100 problems with answers keyed to sections in the chapters in the text.

All of the examples and problems are designed to build your problem-solving skills.

Miscellaneous Useful Features in this Book

To make the book more usable and friendly, we have incorporated a number of beneficial features:

1. A list of contents at the beginning of each chapter.
2. A list of instructional objectives at the beginning of each chapter.
3. Important terms appear in boldface type.
4. A glossary has been placed at the end of each chapter.
5. Supplementary references that you can use to get additional information are listed at the end of each chapter.
6. Web sites containing information and links are listed at the end of each chapter.
7. The examples are simple and concrete so that the book is both teachable and useful for self instruction.
8. The chapter topics are independent but linked through a few principles.
9. The examples demonstrate a proven problem-solving strategy.

Table of Contents

Preface xv
How to Use This Book xvii
Acknowledgments xxi
About the Authors xxiii

Part I: Introduction 1

Chapter 1: Introduction to Chemical Engineering 3
1.1 A Brief History of Chemical Engineering 3
1.2 Types of Jobs Chemical Engineers Perform 6
1.3 Industries in Which Chemical Engineers Work 8
1.4 Sustainability 10
1.5 Ethics 24

Chapter 2: Introductory Concepts 29
2.1 Units of Measure 29
2.2 Unit Conversions 35
2.3 Equations and Units 41
2.4 Measurement Errors and Significant Figures 47
2.5 Validation of Results 53
2.6 Mass, Moles, and Density 55
2.7 Process Variables 75

Part II: Material Balances 125

Chapter 3: Material Balances 127
3.1 The Connection between a Process and Its Schematic 129
3.2 Introduction to Material Balances 134
3.3 A General Strategy for Solving Material Balance Problems 145
3.4 Material Balances for Single Unit Systems 164
3.5 Vectors and Matrices 188
3.6 Solving Systems of Linear Equations with MATLAB 190
3.7 Solving Systems of Linear Equations with Python 196

Chapter 4: Material Balances with Chemical Reaction 225
4.1 Stoichiometry 226
4.2 Terminology for Reaction Systems 235
4.3 Species Mole Balances 248
4.4 Element Material Balances 268
4.5 Material Balances for Combustion Systems 276

Chapter 5: Material Balances for Multiunit Processes 313
5.1 Preliminary Concepts 314
5.2 Sequential Multiunit Systems 317
5.3 Recycle Systems 340
5.4 Bypass and Purge 357
5.5 The Industrial Application of Material Balances 367

Part III: Gases, Vapors, and Liquids 401

Chapter 6: Ideal and Real Gases 403
6.1 Ideal Gases 405
6.2 Real Gases: Equations of State 422
6.3 Real Gases: Compressibility Charts 436
6.4 Real Gas Mixtures 444

Chapter 7: Multiphase Equilibrium 473
7.1 Introduction 473
7.2 Phase Diagrams and the Phase Rule 475
7.3 Single-Component Two-Phase Systems (Vapor Pressure) 487
7.4 Two-Component Gas/Single-Component Liquid Systems 504
7.5 Two-Component Gas/Two-Component Liquid Systems 523
7.6 Multicomponent Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium 536

Part IV: Energy Balances 559

Chapter 8: Energy Balances without Reaction 561
8.1 Terminology Associated with Energy Balances 564
8.2 Overview of Types of Energy and Energy Balances 569
8.3 Energy Balances for Closed, Unsteady-State Systems 574
8.4 Energy Balances for Open, Steady-State Systems 597
8.5 Mechanical Energy Balances 627
8.6 Energy Balances for Special Cases 640

Chapter 9: Energy Balances with Reaction 681
9.1 The Standard Heat (Enthalpy) of Formation 682
9.2 The Heat (Enthalpy) of Reaction 688
9.3 Integration of Heat of Formation and Sensible Heat 700
9.4 The Heat (Enthalpy) of Combustion 726

Part V: Combined Material and Energy Balances 747

Chapter 10: Humidity (Psychrometric) Charts 749
10.1 Terminology 751
10.2 The Humidity (Psychrometric) Chart 755
10.3 Applications of the Humidity Chart 765

Chapter 11: Unsteady-State Material and Energy Balances 781
11.1 Unsteady-State Balances 783
11.2 Numerical Integration of ODEs 790
11.3 Examples 799

Supplemental online materials:
Chapter 12: Heats of Solution and Mixing 825
Chapter 13: Liquids and Gases in Equilibrium with Solids 845
Chapter 14: Solving Material and Energy Balances Using Process Simulators (Flowsheeting Codes) 857

Part VI: Supplementary Material—Appendixes 889

Appendix A: Atomic Weights and Numbers 893
Appendix B: Tables of the Pitzer Z^0 and Z^1 Factors 894
Appendix C: Heats of Formation and Combustion 899
Appendix D: Answers to Selected Problems 903

Supplemental online materials:
Appendix E: Physical Properties of Various Organic and Inorganic Substances 908
Appendix F: Heat Capacity Equations 920
Appendix G: Vapor Pressures 924
Appendix H: Heats of Solution and Dilution 925
Appendix I: Enthalpy-Concentration Data 926
Appendix J: Thermodynamic Charts 933
Appendix K: Physical Properties of Petroleum Fractions 940
Appendix L: Solution of Sets of Equations 949
Appendix M: Fitting Functions to Data 971

Index 975

Introduction

Preface

This book is intended to serve as an introduction to the principles and techniques used in the field of chemical, petroleum, and environmental engineering. Although the range of subjects deemed to be in the province of "chemical engineering" has broadened over the last decade, the basic principles involved in chemical engineering remain the same. This book lays a foundation of certain information and skills that can be repeatedly employed in subsequent courses as well as in professional life.

New Features in the Seventh Edition

The seventh edition is a completely rewritten and revised version of Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering. Instead of five long chapters, the book is now comprised of 32 short chapters, each typically corresponding to one class session in a schedule of three meetings a week. New features include:

1. A consistent, sound strategy for solving material balance and energy balance problems, one can be used again and again as a framework for solving word problems, which is explained in Chapter 7. All of the examples in this book showing how to solve material and energy balances have been formulated according to this strategy.
2. The examples and problems in each chapter have been augmented to include expanded areas of importance to chemical engineers such as safety, semiconductor processing, and biotechnology.
3. The chapters on material balances have been revised to offer practice in finding out what the problem is, defining it, collecting data to be used in the problem, analyzing the information pertaining to the problem in order to relate it to what you know about similar problems,and, in effect, doing everything but testing the solution experimentally.
4. The extent of reaction has been added to the tools used to solve problems involving chemical reactions.
5. The degree of freedom analysis in solving problems has been emphasized and simplified.
6. A glossary has been added to each chapter.
7. On the CD that accompanies this book is
8. A new version of Polymath, a self-documented, widely used software package that runs on PCs and can solve linear, nonlinear, and differential equations as well as regression problems.
9. A new physical properties database that contains retrievable physical properties (such as vapor pressures and heat capacities and enthalpies for 740 compounds plus the steam tables).

Our Motivation for Writing This Book

Far too many chemical engineering textbooks have become difficult, dry, and demoralizing for their readers. With this book, we have maintained a conversational style and detailed explanation of principles both in the text and examples to provide a readable yet comprehensive text. We have strived to maintain a suitable balance between understanding and developing skills. Our vision is to avoid comments (from a student about a different text) such as: "My text is useless, well not really, I use it to kill roaches in my room."

Piaget has argued that human intelligence proceeds in stages from the concrete to the abstract and that one of the biggest problems in teaching is that the teachers are formal reasoners (using abstraction) while many students are still concrete thinkers or at best in transition to formal operational thinking. We believe that there is cons viewpoint. Consequently, we initiate most topics with simple examples that illustrate the basic ideas. In this book the topics are presented in order of assimilation. We start with easy material followed by more difficult material to give readers a "breather" before passing over each hump.

Assumed Prerequisites

The level of the book is directed to the first course in chemical engineering, which usually occurs in a student's sophomore year. We have assumed that you as a reader to have completed the second part of calculus and started organic chemistry. Familiarity with hand-held calculators is essential, but computer programming is not. Familiarity with PC software would be helpful, but is not critical.

Intended Audience

We believe that the main category of individuals who will use this book will be students of chemical engineering. However, the book is well designed for courses for nonchemical engineers as well as independent study, long-distance learning, and review for licensing examinations through its self-assessment features.

Our Objectives

This book is not an introduction to chemical engineering as a profession. We have focused instead on five general objectives in writing this book:

1. To introduce you to the principles and calculation techniques used in chemical engineering.
2. To acquaint you with what material and energy balances are, and how to formulate and solve them.
3. To assist you in learning efficient and consistent methods of problem solving so that you can effectively solve problems you will encounter after leaving school.
4. To offer practice in defining problems, collecting data, analyzing t breaking it down into basic patterns, and selecting pertinent information for application.
5. To review certain principles of applied physical chemistry.

In addition to focusing on the five above objectives, we expose you to background information on units and measurements of physical properties; basic laws about the behavior of gases, liquids, and solids; and some basic mathematical tools. Other objectives that an instructor may want to include in a course, such as programming and communication skills, information about professional activities, developing a professional attitude, establishing personal goals, developing social awareness, and so on, must be implemented from other sources. Economic feasibility, a major factor in engineering decision making, costing, and optimization, have been omitted because of lack of space.

We have not focused on using process simulation software to analyze and solve problems even though it is very good in exploring and handling "what if" questions as well as removing some of the drudgery in solving problems because

1. 1. the pedagogy is too closely aligned to cookbook-style problem solving;
2. learning how to use the software with ease takes some time; and
3. development of a problem-solving strategy is taken out of the hands of the user by the software programmers. The software provides too much guidance for neophytes.

Organization and Scope of this Book

The major portion of the book comprises four parts:

Part 1. Background information (Chapters 1-5)

Part 2. Material balances (Chapters 6-12)

Part 3. Behavior of gases, liquids, and solids (Chapters 13-20)

Part 4. Ener (Chapters 21-29)

In addition, on the accompanying CD, Chapter 30 treats the degrees of freedom, Chapter 31 process simulators, and Chapter 32 unsteady state material and energy balances.

A series of appendices follow that include, in addition to tables and charts of physical properties, miscellaneous information you will find useful. Look at the Table of Contents for details.

In the CD that accompanies this book you will find several valuable tools:

1. Polymath: Software that solves equations, and can be used without reading any instructions.
2. Software to retrieve physical property data for over 740 compounds.
3. A Supplementary Problems Workbook containing 100 problems with complete detailed solutions, and another 100 problems with answers.
4. Descriptions of process equipment, and animations that illustrate the functions of the equipment.
5. Problem-solving suggestions including check lists to help you diagnose and overcome problem-solving difficulties you may experience.

To provide an appreciation of what processing equipment really looks like and how it works, in the files on the CD disk in the worked-out problems are numerous pictures of the equipment along with an explanation of their function and operation.

Problem Sets

We have included several categories of problems in the books to assist in self-study.

1. Self-assessment tests with answers (in Appendix A) follow each section.
2. Thought and discussion problems follow the self-assessment tests. Thought problems require reflection more than calculation. Discussion problems, which can be used as the basis of research, papers pertain to broader issues and are more open ended.
3. Homework-type problems are listed at the end of each chapter, one-third of which have answers (in Appendix N). Each of the problems is rated 1 to 3 (using asterisks) to indicate the degree of difficulty, with 3 being the most difficult.
4. The CD contains more than 100 worked-out examples and another 100 problems with answers keyed to sections in the chapters in the text.

All of the examples and problems are designed to build your problem-solving skills.

Miscellaneous Useful Features in this Book

To make the book more usable and friendly, we have incorporated a number of beneficial features:

1. A list of contents at the beginning of each chapter.
2. A list of instructional objectives at the beginning of each chapter.
3. Important terms appear in boldface type.
4. A glossary has been placed at the end of each chapter.
5. Supplementary references that you can use to get additional information are listed at the end of each chapter.
6. Web sites containing information and links are listed at the end of each chapter.
7. The examples are simple and concrete so that the book is both teachable and useful for self instruction.
8. The chapter topics are independent but linked through a few principles.
9. The examples demonstrate a proven problem-solving strategy.