Applied Statistics in Occupational Safety and Health / Edition 3 available in Paperback, eBook
Applied Statistics in Occupational Safety and Health / Edition 3
- ISBN-10:
- 1598888889
- ISBN-13:
- 9781598888881
- Pub. Date:
- 01/09/2017
- Publisher:
- Bernan Press
- ISBN-10:
- 1598888889
- ISBN-13:
- 9781598888881
- Pub. Date:
- 01/09/2017
- Publisher:
- Bernan Press
Applied Statistics in Occupational Safety and Health / Edition 3
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Overview
Product Details
ISBN-13: | 9781598888881 |
---|---|
Publisher: | Bernan Press |
Publication date: | 01/09/2017 |
Edition description: | Third Edition |
Pages: | 188 |
Product dimensions: | 6.90(w) x 9.90(h) x 0.60(d) |
Age Range: | 18 Years |
About the Author
Table of Contents
List of Figures and Tables xiii
1 Fundamentals of Statistics 1
Statistics and Their Use in Safety 1
Statistics Defined 2
Common Terms and Notations 2
Quantitative Data and Qualitative Data 2
Statistical Notations 3
Research Questions and Hypotheses 3
Types of Studies 4
Retrospective Studies 4
Prospective Studies 4
Experiments 4
Statistical Samples versus Statistical Populations 5
Bias 5
Probability Sample Selection Procedures 6
Sampling Techniques 6
Random Samples 6
Simple Random Samples 6
Using a Random Numbers Table 7
Random Numbers Table Example 7
Cluster Samples 8
Stratified Random Samples 8
Nonprobabihty Sample Selection Procedures 8
Chunk Sampling 9
Volunteer Samples 9
Variables 9
Dependent and Independent Variables 9
Summary 9
Review Exercises 10
2 Probability and Chance 13
Probability 13
Marginal Probabilities 13
Joint Probabilities 14
Union Probabilities 14
Conditional Probabilities 16
Factorials, Permutations, Ordered Combinations, and Combinations 17
Factorials 17
Permutations 17
Combinations 18
Binomial Probabilities 19
Poisson Probability 20
Summary 21
Review Exercises 22
3 Distributions 23
Statistical Distributions and Populations 23
Frequencies 23
Histograms 24
Frequency Polygons 25
Percentages, Cumulative Percentages, and Percentiles 26
Normal Distribution 26
Binomial Distribution 27
T Distribution 29
Chi-Square Distribution 30
F Distribution 31
Summary 31
Review Exercises 32
4 Descriptive Statistics 33
Data Formats 33
Categorical Data 33
Ordinal Data 33
Interval Data 34
Ratio Data 34
Strength of the Data Formats 34
Measures of Central Tendency 34
Mean 35
Median 35
Mode 35
Measures of Variability 36
Range 36
Variance 36
Variance Calculation 37
Standard Deviation 37
Interquartile Range 38
z-Scores 38
z-Scores and Percentages of the Population 39
Confidence Intervals for Means 41
95% Confidence Intervals 42
99% Confidence Intervals 42
Interpreting Confidence Intervals 43
Summary 43
Review Exercises 43
5 Statistical Tests 45
Statistical Hypotheses 45
Inferential Statistical Testing 46
Type I and Type II Errors 46
Alpha Levels 47
Statistical Power of a Test 47
Inferential Statistics Test Procedure 48
Developing a Statistical Hypothesis 48
Choosing the Appropriate Statistical Test or Procedure 48
Determining the Statistical Distribution 48
Determining Significance Levels 48
Formulating a Decision Rule 49
Running the Test 49
Formulating a Conclusion and Making a Decision 49
Summary 49
Review Exercises 50
6 Inferential Statistics for Means 51
Z-Test Comparing a Sample Mean to a Known Population Mean 51
Test Assumptions 51
Hypothesis Construction 51
Determine Significance Levels 52
Using a z-Table 52
Formulate a Decision Rule 53
Z-Test Formula 53
Conclusions 53
Example z-Test Problem 53
Independent Samples z-Test 54
Test Assumptions 54
Independent Samples z-Test Formula 55
Example Independent Samples c-Test Problem 55
Hypothesis Construction 56
Conclusions 56
T-Test for a Single Mean 56
Test Assumptions 56
Hypothesis Construction 57
Determine Significance Levels 57
Formulate a Decision Rule 57
T-Test Formula for a Single Mean 58
Conclusions 58
Example f-Test Problem 58
T-Test for Independent Samples 59
Paired Samples f-Tests 60
Test Assumptions 60
Hypothesis Construction 60
Determine Significance Levels 60
Formulate a Decision Rule 60
Test Formula 61
Conclusions 61
Example Paired Sample t-Test Problem 61
Calculate t 62
One-Way Analysis of Variance 62
Procedure Assumptions 63
Hypothesis Construction 63
Procedure Formulas 63
Hypothesis Construction 66
Formulate a Decision Rule 67
Calculate F Ratio 67
Conclusions 67
Post Hoc Procedures 67
Tukey's HSD 67
Calculate Tukey's HSD 68
Formulate a Decision Rule 68
Example ANOVA Problem 69
Formulate a Decision Rule 71
Calculate F Ratio 71
Conclusions 71
Run Post Hoc Tests 71
Summary 72
Review Exercises 72
7 Correlation and Regression 75
Correlation 75
Pearson Correlation Coefficient 77
Assumptions 77
Pearson Correlation Coefficient Formula 77
Sample Problem 77
Significance Testing for Correlation Coefficients 78
Test Hypotheses 78
Test Formula 78
Sample Problem 79
Spearman Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient 79
Assumptions 79
Spearman Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient Formula 80
Sample Problem 80
Phi Coefficient 81
Assumptions 81
Phi Coefficient Formula 81
Sample Problem 81
Point Biserial Correlation 82
Assumptions 82
Point Biserial Correlation Formula 82
Sample Problem 82
Linear Regression 83
Procedure Assumptions 84
Linear Regression Formulas 84
Sample Problem 84
Summary 86
Review Exercises 86
8 Nonparametric Statistics 89
Underlying Assumptions Concerning Nonparametric Statistics 89
Chi-Square Test for Goodness of Fit 89
Degrees of Freedom 89
Test Assumptions 90
Hypothesis Construction 90
Test Formula 90
Determining the Critical Value 90
Sample Problem 90
X2 Test of independence 92
Degrees of Freedom 92
Expected Number of Cases 92
Test Assumptions 92
Hypothesis Construction 92
Test Formula 92
Sample Problem 93
Cochran's Q Test 94
Test Assumptions 94
Hypothesis Construction 94
Cochran's Q Test Formula 94
Sample Problem 95
Summary 96
Review Exercises 97
9 Survey Research 99
Types of Survey Studies 99
Collecting and Maintaining Survey Data 99
Outline for Planning a Survey 100
Constructing the Instrument 101
Types of Survey Items 102
Forms of Questions 102
Unstructured Questions 102
Structured Questions 103
Rating Scales 104
Likert Scales 104
Semantic Differential Scales 104
Formatting Questionnaires for the Mail 105
Sound Survey Research Procedures 105
Measurable Objective 105
Representative Population 106
Match the Hypothesis to the Statistical Tests 106
Conduct Background Research 106
Instrument Validity and Reliability 106
Cover Letters and Instructions 107
Sampling for Surveys 107
Calculating Sample Sizes 107
Survey Research Limitations 108
Pilot Testing 108
Permission to Use Human Subjects 108
Summary 109
Review Exercises 109
10 Experimental Design 111
Experimental Design Uses 111
Research Hypotheses and Experimental Design 111
Dependent and Independent Variables 112
Types of Experimental Designs 112
One-Way ANOVA 112
Completely Randomized Design 113
Randomized Block Design 113
Latin Square Design 113
Completely Randomized Factorial Design 113
Summary 114
Review Exercises 114
11 Presenting Research 117
Data Presentation for Safety Professionals 117
Displaying Descriptive Statistics 117
Displaying Tables 117
Example Table 118
Column Charts 118
Pie Charts 118
Presenting Inferential Statistics 119
Z-Tests and t-Tests 119
Example Results from a Paired t-Test Procedure 119
One-Way Analysis of Variance 120
Correlation Procedures 120
Regression Procedures 120
Nonparametric Procedures 120
Using Computer Software to Develop Presentations 121
Sample Data Analysis Using Microsoft Excel 121
Developing Presentations Using Microsoft Office 123
Summary 123
Review Exercises 123
Appendix 125
Statistical Tables 125
Cumulative Distribution Function for the Standard Normal Random Variable 125
Critical Values for the t Distribution 127
Critical Values for the Chi-Square Distribution 128
Critical Values for the F Distribution 129
Table of Random Units 130
Critical Values of the Studentized Range 132
Glossary of Terms 137
References 145
Solutions to Selected Sample Problems 149
Index 169
About the Author 173