Table of Contents
About the Author iii
How to Use This Book iv
Barron's Essential x
Part 1 Introduction
Preparing for the Advanced Placement United States History Exam 3
Using This Book to Help You Prepare for the Exam 3
1 Historical Thinking Skills, Reasoning Processes, and Themes 5
Historical Thinking Skills and Reasoning Processes 5
Historical Thinking Skills 5
History Reasoning Processes 12
Themes in U.S. History 13
2 Navigating the Advanced Placement United States History Exam 19
Multiple-Choice Questions 21
Short-Answer Questions 22
Document-Based Question 25
Long Essay Question 31
Answers and Explanations 35
Part 2 Review Section-Time Periods
3 Period 1:1491-1607 The Meeting of Three Peoples 47
Topic 1.1 Contextualizing Period 1 48
Topic 1.2 Native American Societies Before European Contact 48
Topic 1.3 European Exploration in the Americas 50
Topic 1.4 Columbian Exchange, Spanish Exploration, and Conquest 51
Topic 1.5 Labor, Slavery, and Caste in the Spanish Colonial System 54
Topic 1.6 Cultural Interactions Between Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans 56
Topic 1.7 Subject to Debate 58
Practice Multiple-Choice Questions 59
Answer Key 61
Answers and Explanations 61
4 Period 2:1607-1754 Patterns of Empire and Resistance 63
Topic 2.1 Contextualizing Period 2 64
Topic 2.2 European Colonization 65
Topic 2.3 The Regions of British Colonies 68
Topic 2.4 Transatlantic Trade 78
Topic 2.5 Interactions Between American Indians and Europeans 82
Topic 2.6 Slavery in the British Colonies 86
Topic 2.7 Colonial Society and Culture 88
Topic 2.8 Subject to Debate 93
Practice Multiple-Choice Questions 94
Answer Key 95
Answers and Explanations 96
5 Period 3: 1754-1800 The Crisis of Empire, Revolution, and Nation Building 97
Topic 3.1 Contextualizing Period 3 99
Topic 3.2 The Seven Years' War (The French and Indian War) 99
Topic 3.3 Taxation Without Representation 103
Topic 3.4 Philosophical Foundations of the American Revolution 107
Topic 3.5 The American Revolution 110
Topic 3.6 The Influence of Revolutionary Ideas 112
Topic 3.7 The Articles of Confederation 114
Topic 3.8 The Constitutional Convention and Debates Over Ratification 118
Topic 3.9 The Constitution 121
Topic 3.10 Shaping the New Republic 122
Topic 3.11 Developing an American Identity 129
Topic 3.12 Movement in the Early Republic 130
Topic 3.13 Subject to Debate 132
Practice Multiple-Choice Questions 134
Answer Key 138
Answers and Explanations 138
6 Period 4:1800-1848 The Meaning of Democracy in an Era of Economic and Territorial Expansion 141
Topic 4.1 Contextualizing Period 4 143
Topic 4.2 The Rise of Political Parties and the Era of Jefferson 143
Topic 4.3 Politics and Regional Interests 146
Topic 4.4 America on the World Stage 148
Topic 4.5 The Market Revolution: Economic Transformations 152
Topic 4.6 Market Revolution: Society and Culture 156
Topic 4.7 Expanding Democracy 160
Topic 4.8 Jackson and Federal Power 161
Topic 4.9 The Development of an American Culture 165
Topic 4.10 The Second Great Awakening 167
Topic 4.11 An Age of Reform 169
Topic 4.12 African Americans in the Early Republic 172
Topic 4.13 The Society of the South in the Early Republic 174
Topic 4.14 Subject to Debate 177
Practice Multiple-Choice Questions 179
Answer Key 184
Answers and Explanations 184
7 Period 5:1844-1877 Slavery, Civil War, and the Transformation of American Society 187
Topic 5.1 Contextualizing Period 5 188
Topic 5.2 Manifest Destiny 189
Topic 5.3 The Mexican-American War 192
Topic 5.4 The Compromise of 1850 195
Topic 5.5 Sectional Conflict: Regional Differences 197
Topic 5.6 Failure to Compromise 200
Topic 5.7 Election of 1860 and Secession 202
Topic 5.8 Military Conflict in the Civil War 203
Topic 5.9 Government Policies During the Civil War 206
Topic 5.10 Reconstruction 208
Topic 5.11 Failure of Reconstruction 213
Topic 5.12 Subject to Debate 215
Practice Multiple-Choice Questions 217
Answer Key 221
Answers and Explanations 221
8 Period 6:1865-1898 The Challenges of the Era of Industrialization 223
Topic 6.1 Contextualizing Period 6 224
Topic 6.2 Westward Expansion: Economic Development 225
Topic 6.3 Westward Expansion: Social and Cultural Development 228
Topic 6.4 The "New South" 233
Topic 6.5 Technological Innovation 234
Topic 6.6 The Rise of Industrial Capitalism 235
Topic 6.7 Labor in the Gilded Age 238
Topic 6.8 Immigration and Migration in the Gilded Age 241
Topic 6.9 Responses to Immigration in the Gilded Age 243
Topic 6.10 Development of the Middle Class 245
Topic 6.11 Reform in the Gilded Age 247
Topic 6.12 Controversies over the Role of Government in the Gilded Age 248
Topic 6.13 Politics in the Gilded Age 249
Topic 6.14 Subject to Debate 254
Practice Multiple-Choice Questions 256
Answer Key 260
Answers and Explanations 260
9 Period 7: 1890-1945 Economic Dislocation and Reform in the Age of Empire and World War 265
Topic 7.1 Contextualizing Period 7 268
Topic 7.2 Imperialism: Debates 269
Topic 7.3 The Spanish-American War and Its Aftermath 271
Topic 7.4 The Progressives 276
Topic 7.5 World War I: Military and Diplomacy 286
Topic 7.6 World War I: Home Front 290
Topic 7.7 1920s: Innovation in Communications and Technology 294
Topic 7.8 1920s: Cultural and Political Controversies 296
Topic 7.9 The Great Depression 300
Topic 7.10 The New Deal 303
Topic 7.11 Interwar Foreign Policy 310
Topic 7.12 World War II: Mobilization 313
Topic 7.13 World War II: Military 315
Topic 7.14 Postwar Diplomacy 319
Topic 7.15 Subject to Debate 320
Practice Multiple-Choice Questions 323
Answer Key 327
Answers and Explanations 327
10 Period 8: 1945-1980 Redefining Democracy in the Era of Cold War and Liberal Ascendancy 329
Topic 8.1 Contextualizing Period 8 331
Topic 8.2 The Cold War from 1945 to 1980 332
Topic 8.3 The Red Scare 337
Topic 8.4 The Economy after 1945 339
Topic 8.5 Culture after 1945 341
Topic 8.6 Early Steps in the Civil Rights Movement (1940s and 1950s) 342
Topic 8.7 America as a World Power 345
Topic 8.8 The Vietnam War 348
Topic 8.9 The Great Society 350
Topic 8.10 The African-American Civil Rights Movement (1960s) 352
Topic 8.11 The Civil Rights Movement Expands 357
Topic 8.12 Youth Culture of the 1960s 361
Topic 8.13 The Environment and Natural Resources from 1968 to 1980 364
Topic 8.14 Society in Transition 367
Topic 8.15 Subject to Debate 371
Practice Multiple-Choice Questions 373
Answer Key 376
Answers and Explanations 376
11 Period 9: 1980-Present Political and Foreign Policy Adjustments in a Globalized World 379
Topic 9.1 Contextualizing Period 9 381
Topic 9.2 Reagan, Conservatism, and Partisan Divisions 381
Topic 9.3 The End of the Cold War 397
Topic 9.4 A Changing Economy 400
Topic 9.5 Migration and Immigration, 1980 to the Present 404
Topic 9.6 Defining America's Role in the World in the 21st Century 406
Topic 9.7 Subject to Debate 413
Practice Multiple-Choice Questions 415
Answer Key 417
Answers and Explanations 417
Part 3 Practice Tests
Practice Test 1 421
Answer Key 459
Answers and Explanations 460
Scoring the Test 482
Practice Test 2 483
Answer Key 520
Answers and Explanations 521
Scoring the Test 542
Index 543
