Table of Contents
Preface to the second edition ix
Acknowledgements xi
1 Issues in animal experimentation 1
Aims 1
Definitions 6
Scope 6
2 A history of animal experimentation 8
The origins of vivisection in Europe 8
Prevailing humanist attitudes to animals 9
The rise of modern biomedical studies 11
3 Opposition to animal experimentation 15
Introduction 15
Early opposition 15
Utilitarianism and the rise of popular concern 17
Revolution during the nineteenth century 19
Beyond Britain: opposition in the USA into the twentieth century 26
4 The moral status of animals 35
On the moral status of animals 35
Moral arguments based on reason 40
Ethics: room for emotion? 49
Moral stewardship 54
Summary 56
5 Animal use 58
How are animals used? 58
Fundamental and applied biological research 58
Genetic research 60
Behavioural research 61
Education and training 62
Production of useful biological and therapeutic materials 62
Product testing 63
6 The regulation of experiments 64
Laws governing humane use of laboratory animals 64
United Kingdom 65
Australia and New Zealand 67
United States of America 69
Summary 72
7 Seeking alternatives 74
Introduction 74
Replacement, reduction and refinement 75
Alternatives to non-human vertebrates in scientific research 77
8 Conclusions 98
The Construction of a modern research institution 98
Ethical guidelines for students in laboratory classes involving the use of animals or animal tissues 102
References 104
Index 113
