Table of Contents
Chapter 1 The Lokanîti. 1 I have selected this Nîti for translation before the others because it is the most popular in Burma. Its popularity during recent years has been increased by printed editions of it emanating from the presses of Rangoon. It forms, besides, a textbook for the vernacular schools of the province. The Pâli text of it is very corrupt in many places, and an emended edition has not yet been attempted. The Lokanîti (“Worldly Behaviour”) is divided into seven sections, viz., (1) T HE E VIL -D OER, (2) T HE G OOD M AN, (3) T HE E VIL -D OER, (4) F RIENDSHIP, (5) W OMAN, (6) K INGS, and (7) M ISCELLANEOUS. It was, for the first time, rendered into Burmese in A.D. 1835, during the reign of Bhagidaw, by the guru Cakkandâbhisîri; Chapter 2 The Dhammanîti. 1 The Dhammanîti consists of 414 stanzas in 24 sections. It was for the first time translated into Burmese by the head priest Tipitakalinkâra Mahâdhamma in 1784 A.D., in obedience to the order of King Bodopra. The following three stanzas are introductory:– “Vanditvâ ratanam settham Nissâya pubbake garum Nitidhammam pavakkhâmi Sabbalokasukhâvaha?. Âcariyo ca sippañca Paññâ sutar? kathâ dhana? Deso ca nissayo mitta? Dujjano sujano bala?. Itthî putto ca dâso ca Gharâvâso katâkato Ñâtabbo ca alankâro Râjadhammopasevako Dukâdimissako ceva Pakinnako ti mâtikâ.” Translation:– Having paid homage to the Three Gems and to my venerable preceptor, I shall recite the Dhantmanîti, based on ancient works, for the benefit of the whole world. The Preceptor, Scholarship, Wisdom, Knowledge, Conversation, Wealth, Habitation, Dependence, Friendship, the Bad Man, the Good Man, the Powerful; Women, Children, Servants, Residence, What's should be done, What's should not be done, What's should be known, Ornamentation, Royalty, Ministration, Things taken by twos and threes, and Miscellaneous : these form the subjects of discourse; Chapter 3 Râjanîti. 1 This anthology, based on the Indian Dharmaśâstras, was compiled by the Brahmans Anantañâna and Ganâmissaka. It must not be confounded with the Râjanîti of Lallu Lâla in the Braj dialect, which is comparatively modern ( A.D. 1859), and based chiefly on the Sanskrit Hitopadesha. Chronologically, the Burmese compilation stands after the Lokanîti and Dhammanîti, and has for its prototype the Râjanîtiâstra of C'ânakya, the famous minister of Chandragupta, king of Pâtaliputra; Chapter 4 The Suttavaḍḍhananîti. 1 This anthology was compiled and translated into Burmese by Saddhammanandîmahâthera of Chaunkauk in Upper Burma. Suttavaḍḍhananîti signifies the “Guide for the Advancement of Knowledge.” It is a collection of maxims from Buddhistic sources chiefly;
