Table of Contents
Introduction 3
I What Is Altruism?
1 The Nature of Altruism 15
2 Extending Altruism 24
3 What Is Empathy? 39
4 From Empathy to Compassion in a Neuroscience Laboratory 56
5 Love, Supreme Emotion 65
6 The Accomplishment of a Twofold Benefit, Our Own and Others' 76
7 Self-Interested Altruism and Generalized Reciprocity 83
8 Selfless Altruism 89
9 The Banality of Good 94
10 Altruistic Heroism 103
11 Unconditional Altruism 110
12 Beyond Imitations, True Altruism: An Experimental Investigation 120
13 The Philosophical Arguments Against Universal Selfishness 137
II The Emergence of Altruism
14 Altruism in Theories of Evolution 151
15 Maternal Love, Foundation for Extended Altruism? 171
16 The Evolution of Cultures 177
17 Altruistic Behavior Among Animals 183
18 Altruism Among Children 208
19 Prosocial Behavior 225
III Cultivating Altruism
20 Can We Change? 239
21 Training the Mind: What the Cognitive Sciences Have to Say 247
22 How to Cultivate Altruism: Meditations on Altruistic Love, Compassion, Joy, and Impartiality 260
IV Contrary Forces
23 Egocentrism and Crystallization of the Ego 271
24 The Spread of Individualism and Narcissism 281
25 The Champions of Selfishness 299
26 Having Hatred or Compassion for Yourself 314
27 The Shortfall of Empathy 322
28 At the Origin of Violence: Devaluing the Other 339
29 The Natural Repugnance to Kill 374
30 Dehumanizing the Other: Massacres and Genocides 388
31 Has War Always Existed? 412
32 The Decline of Violence 426
33 The Instrumentalization of Animals: A Moral Aberration 455
34 Backfire: Effects of the Meat Industry on Poverty, Environment, and Health 470
35 Institutionalized Selfishness 480
V Building a More Altruistic Society
36 The Virtues of Cooperation 515
37 An Enlightened Education 532
38 Fighting Inequality 552
39 Toward a Caring Economy 563
40 Voluntary, Joyous Simplicity 604
41 Altruism for the Sake of Future Generations 616
42 Sustainable Harmony 657
43 Local Commitment, Global Responsibility 675
Conclusion: Daring Altruism 690
Acknowledgments 695
Karuna-Shechen: Altruism in Action 699
Notes 701
Sources for Figures 833
Select Bibliography 837