Table of Contents

Acknowledgments xiii

Introduction 1

Note on Sources 7

Accounts, Statements, Reports, and Interviews

1 Lakotas wounded at Wounded Knee taken to Holy Cross Chapel, 1890-1891 13

2 Leather-bound journal notebook titled "Indians wounded in fight at 'Wounded Knee' South Dakota," 1890-1891 15

3 Account of the scene at Wounded Knee on 1 January 1891, by Charles A. Eastman 20

4 Account of Zella Vespucia, January 1891, as published in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch 22

5 Edited version of Zella Vespucia's account, January 1891 27

6 Account of Help Them, January 1891 31

7 Account of Frog, January 1891 33

8 Account of Hehakawanyakapi (Elk Saw Him), January 1891 35

9 Account of Long Bull, January 1891 37

10 Account of Ellis Standing Bear, ca. January 1891 38

11 Statement of Elaine Goodale regarding wounded survivors, January 1891 40

12 White Buffalo's opinion on the Battle of Wounded Knee, February 1891 42

13 "Account given of Indians of the fight at Wounded Knee," Washington, D.C., February 1891 44

14 Variant account of Washington, D.C., meeting, 11 February 1891 50

15 Descriptive report of Lakota impressions of Wounded Knee, February 1891 54

16 Commentary of trader Charles P. Jordan, March 1891 56

17 Account of Philip F. Wells, May 1891 57

18 Statement of former agent Valentine T. McGillycuddy, 1891 59

19 Account of Iron Hail (Dewey Beard), transcribed by James R. Walker, 1896-1914 60

20 Reminiscent account of the massacre scene by Charles A. Eastman, 1900 69

21 Newspaper report on monument to Lakota dead at Wounded Knee, 1903 71

22 Account of Philip F. Wells, recorded by Eli S. Ricker, October 1906 74

23 Account of Joseph Horn Cloud, recorded by Eli S. Ricker, October 1906 81

24 Account of Louis Mousseau, recorded by Eli S. Ricker, November 1906 90

25 Account of John Shangrau, recorded by Eli S. Ricker, November 1906 94

26 Account of Standing Soldier No. 1, recorded by Eli S. Ricker, November 1906 98

27 Account of Dewey Beard (Iron Hail), recorded by Eli S. Ricker, February 1907 103

28 Account of Frank Feather, recorded by Eli S. Ricker, March 1907 116

29 Account of Paddy Starr, recorded by Eli S. Ricker, August 1907 118

30 American Indian viewpoint at Wounded Knee as recorded by Walter M. Camp, 1910 121

31 Excerpt from Joseph Horn Cloud's account, as told to Melvin R. Gilmore, 1913 123

32 Mrs. Mousseau's account, as told to Melvin R. Gilmore, 29 October 1913 127

33 Account of Dewey Beard, as told to Melvin R. Gilmore, 27 November 1913 129

34 Supplemental information about Wounded Knee from Philip F. Wells, 1914 132

35 Statement about Wounded Knee by members of the Big Foot Survivors' Association, September 1915 134

36 Notarized statement by Dewey Beard, given in Washington, D.C., on 12 March 1917 135

37 Notarized statement by Joseph Horn Cloud, given in Washington, D.C., on 12 March 1917 139

38 James McLaughlin's interrogations of Wounded Knee survivors, 1920 142

39 Description of the field at Wounded Knee within days of the massacre, recalled by Luther Standing Bear, ca. 1925 177

40 Account of Alice Ghost Horse, 1920-1940s 178

41 Reminiscence of John Ghost Bear, November 1928 187

42 Statement of Afraid of the Enemy, May 1932 189

43 Account of Dewey Beard, recorded by James H. McGregor, 1933 191

44 Account of James Pipe on Head, recorded by James H. McGregor, 1933 194

45 Account of Richard Afraid of Hawk, recorded by James H. McGregor, 1933 196

46 Account of Dog Chief, recorded by James H. McGregor, 1933 198

47 Statement of Nellie Knife, recorded by James H. McGregor, 1933 200

48 Story of Charley Blue Arm, recorded by James H. McGregor, 1933 201

49 Account of Rough Feather, recorded by James H. McGregor, 1933 203

50 Account of Mrs. Rough Feather, recorded by James H. McGregor, 1933 205

51 Account of Edward Owl King, recorded by James H. McGregor, 1933 207

52 Account of Henry Jackson, recorded by James H. McGregor, 1933 209

53 Statement of George Running Hawk, recorded by James H. McGregor, 1933 211

54 Account of Mrs. Mousseau, recorded by James H. McGregor, 1933 213

55 Statement of Bertha Kills Close to Lodge, recorded by James H. McGregor, 1933 215

56 Account of John Little Finger, recorded by James H. McGregor, 1933 217

57 Account of Peter Stand, recorded by James H. McGregor, 1933 219

58 Partial Story of Peter Stand, recorded by James H. McGregor, 1933 221

59 Story by Donald Blue Hair, recorded by James H. McGregor, 1933 223

60 Account of Frank Sits Poor, recorded by James H. McGregor, 1933 224

61 Statement of White Lance, recorded by James H. McGregor, 1933 225

62 Statement of James High Hawk, recorded by James H. McGregor, 1933 227

63 Account of Mrs. Alice Dog Arm (formerly Alice Ghost Horse), recorded by James H. McGregor, 1933 229

64 Account of Louise Weasel Bear, recorded by James H. McGregor, ca. 1933 230

65 Public document statement of Annie Iron Lavatta, 1934 231

66 Program, Wounded Knee Survivors Association, 1935 233

67 "Claim of Survivors," as completed by Mrs. Nellie Knife (ca. January 1937) 234

68 Two letters giving names of Lakota attendees who served in the hospital at Holy Cross Chapel, Pine Ridge Agency, 1937 and 1940 235

69 Testimony of James Pipe on Head, Dewey Beard, and James Grass, in extracts from hearings on H.R. 2535, House of Representatives, 1938 237

70 Account of Peter One Skunk, 1938 249

71 Account of Paul High Back, September 1940 250

72 "After Wounded Knee-A Recollection," by Addison E. Sheldon, ca. 1941 254

73 Additional commentary by Philip F. Wells, 1942 256

74 Account of Black Elk, 1930-1940s 257

75 Third-person account of Dewy Girl's remembrance of Wounded Knee, as told by Eugene Wounded Horse, 1940s 263

76 Account of James High Hawk, 1950-1960s 268

77 Account of Crane Pretty Voice, date unknown, as told by Ellen in the Woods 269

78 Interview with Jim Mesteth by Phyllis Mesteth and Boyd Bosma, 1977 271

Appendix

1 Indian scouts present at Wounded Knee, 29 December 1890 273

2 Census of Sioux Indians from Cheyenne River Indian Reservation in battle of Wounded Knee and at Pine Ridge Agency in June 1891 277

3 Joseph Horn Cloud's list of Indians killed at Wounded Knee, 1903-1904 283

4 Members of Big Foot's band not killed at Wounded Knee, ca. 1907 286

5 List of Wounded Knee Lakota survivors as of May 1941 288

Index 291