Table of Contents
Preface iii
Acknowledgements v
Table of Contents vii
Chapter 1 Introduction to Flight Training 1-1
Introduction 1-1
Role of the FAA 1-2
Flight Standards Service 1-5
Role of the Pilot Examiner 1-6
Role of the Flight Instructor 1-7
Sources of Flight Training 1-8
Practical Test Standards (PTS) and Airman Certification Standards (ACS) 1-10
Safety of Flight Practices 1-11
Collision Avoidance 1-11
Runway Incursion Avoidance 1-12
Stall Awareness 1-12
Use of Checklists 1-13
Positive Transfer of Controls 1-15
Chapter Summary 1-15
Chapter 2 Ground Operations 2-1
Introduction 2-1
Preflight Assessment of the Aircraft 2-2
Visual Preflight Assessment 2-3
Outer Wing Surfaces and Tail Section 2-5
Fuel and Oil 2-6
Landing Gear, Tires, and Brakes 2-8
Engine and Propeller 2-9
Risk and Resource Management 2-9
Risk Management 2-10
Identifying the Hazard 2-10
Risk 2-10
Risk Assessment 2-10
Risk Identification 2-10
Risk Mitigation 2-10
Resource Management 2-11
Ground Operations 2-11
Engine Starting 2-12
Hand Propping 2-13
Taxiing 2-14
Before-Takeoff Check 2-17
Takeoff Checks 2-18
After-Landing 2-18
Clear of Runway and Stopped 2-18
Parking 2-19
Engine Shutdown 2-19
Post-Flight 2-19
Securing and Servicing 2-19
Chapter Summary 2-19
Chapter 3 Basic Flight Maneuvers 3-1
Introduction 3-1
The Four Fundamentals 3-2
Effect and Use of the Flight Controls 3-2
Feel of the Ah-plane 3-4
Attitude Flying 3-4
Integrated Flight Instruction 3-5
Straight-and-Level Flight 3-6
Straight Flight 3-7
Level Flight 3-8
Trim Control 3-10
Level Turns 3-10
Turn Radius 3-12
Establishing a Turn 3-13
Climbs and Climbing Turns 3-16
Establishing a Climb 3-17
Climbing Turns 3-18
Descents and Descending Tunis 3-19
Glides 3-20
Gliding Turns 3-21
Chapter Summary 3-23
Chapter 4 Maintaining Aircraft Control: Upset Prevention and Recovery Training 4-1
Introduction 4-1
Defining an Airplane Upset 4-2
Coordinated Flight 4-2
Angle of Attack 4-2
Slow Flight 4-3
Performing the Slow Flight Maneuver 4-4
Stalls 4-5
Stall Recognition 4-5
Angle of Attack Indicators 4-6
Stall Characteristics 4-6
Fundamentals of Stall Recover 4-7
Stall Training 4-8
Approaches to Stalls (Impending Stalls), Power-On or Power-Off 4-8
Full Stalls, Power-Off 4-8
Full Stalls, Power-On 4-9
Secondary Stall 4-10
Accelerated Stalls 4-10
Cross-Control Stall 4-11
Elevator Trim Stall 4-12
Common Errors 4-13
Spin Awareness 4-13
Spin Procedures 4-14
Entry Phase 4-14
Incipient Phase 4-14
Developed Phase 4-15
Recovery Phase 4-15
Intentional Spins 4-16
Weight and Balance Requirements Related to Spins 4-17
Common Errors 4-17
Upset Prevention and Recovery 4-17
Unusual Attitudes Versus Upsets 4-17
Environmental Factors 4-18
Mechanical Factors 4-18
Human Factors 4-18
VMC to IMC 4-18
IMC 4-18
Diversion of Attention 4-18
Task Saturation 4-18
Sensory Overload/Deprivation 4-18
Spatial Disorientation 4-19
Startle Response 4-19
Surprise Response 4-19
Upset Prevention and Recovery Training (UPRT) 4-19
UPRT Care Concepts 4-20
Academic Material (Knowledge and Risk Management) 4-20
Prevention Through ADM and Risk Management 4-21
Prevention through Proportional Counter-Response 4-21
Recovery 4-22
Common Errors 4-22
Roles of FSTDs and Airplanes in UPRT 4-22
Airplane-Based UPRT 4-22
All-Attitude/All-Envelope Flight Training Methods 4-23
FSTD-based UPRT 4-23
Spiral Dive 4-23
UPRT Summary 4-24
Chapter Summary 4-24
Chapter 5 Takeoffs and Departure Climbs 5-1
Introduction 5-1
Terms and Definitions 5-2
Prior to Takeoff 5-2
Normal Takeoff 5-3
Takeoff Roll 5-3
Lift-Off 5-4
Initial Climb 5-5
Crosswind Takeoff 5-6
Takeoff Roll 5-6
Lift-Off 5-8
Initial Climb 5-8
Ground Effect on Takeoff 5-9
Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb 5-10
Takeoff Roll 5-10
Lift-Off 5-10
Initial Climb 5-11
Soft/Rough-Field Takeoff and Climb 5-11
Takeoff Roll 5-12
Lift-Off 5-12
Initial Climb 5-12
Rejected Takeoff/Engine Failure 5-12
Noise Abatement 5-13
Chapter Summary 5-13
Chapter 6 Ground Reference Maneuvers 6-1
Introduction 6-1
Maneuvering by Reference to Ground Objects 6-2
Drift and Ground Track Control 6-3
Correcting Drift During Straight-and-Level Flight 6-3
Constant Radius During Turning Flight 6-4
Tracking Over and Parallel to a Straight Line 6-6
Rectangular Course 6-6
Turns Around a Point 6-8
S-Tums 6-10
Elementary Eights 6-11
Eights Along a Road 6-11
Eights Across A Road 6-13
Eights Around Pylons 6-13
Eights-on-Pylons 6-14
Chapter Summary 6-18
Chapter 7 Airport Traffic Patterns 7-1
Introduction 7-1
Airport Traffic Patterns and Operations 7-2
Standard Airport Traffic Patterns 7-2
Non-Towered Airports 7-5
Safety Considerations 7-5
Chapter Summary 7-6
Chapter 8 Approaches and Landings 8-1
Introduction 8-1
Normal Approach and Landing 8-2
Base Leg 8-2
Final Approach 8-1
Use of Flaps 8-4
Estimating Height and Movement 8-5
Round Out (Flare) 8-6
Touchdown 8-7
After-Landing Roll 8-8
Stabilized Approach Concept 8-9
Intentional Slips 8-11
Go-Arounds (Rejected Landings) 8-12
Power 8-13
Attitude 8-13
Configuration 8-13
Ground Effect 8-14
Crosswind Approach and Landing 8-14
Crosswind Final Approach 8-14
Crosswind Round Out (Flare) 8-15
Crosswind Touchdown 8-15
Crosswind After-Landing Roll 8-16
Maximum Safe Crosswind Velocities 8-17
Turbulent Air Approach and Landing 8-18
Short-Field Approach and Landing 8-18
Soft-Field Approach and Landing 8-21
Power-Off Accuracy Approaches 8-22
90° Power-Off Approach 8-22
180° Power-Off Approach 8-23
360° Power-Off Approach 8-25
Emergency Approaches and Landings (Simulated) 8-26
Faulty Approaches and Landings 8-27
Low Final Approach 8-27
High Final Approach 8-28
Slow Final Approach 8-28
Use of Power 8-29
High Round Out 8-29
Late or Rapid Round Out 8-30
Floating During Round Out 8-30
Ballooning During Round Out 8-30
Bouncing During Touchdown 8-31
Porpoising 8-32
Wheel Barrowing 8-33
Hard Landing 8-33
Touchdown in a Drift or Crab 8-34
Ground Loop 8-34
Wing Rising After Touchdown 8-35
Hydroplaning 8-35
Dynamic Hydroplaning 8-35
Reverted Rubber Hydroplaning 8-35
Viscous Hydroplaning 8-36
Chapter Summary 8-36
Chapter 9 Performance Maneuvers 9-1
Introduction 9-1
Sleep Turns 9-2
Steep Spiral 9-4
Chandelle 9-5
Lazy Eight 9-6
Chapter Summary 9-8
Chapter 10 Night Operations 10-1
Introduction 10-1
Night Vision 10-2
Night Illusions 10-3
Pilot Equipment 10-4
Airplane Equipment and Lighting 10-4
Airport and Navigation Lighting Aids 10-5
Training for Night Flight 10-6
Preparation and Preflight 10-6
Starting, Taxiing, and Runup 10-6
Takeoff and Climb 10-7
Orientation and Navigation 10-7
Approaches and Landings 10-8
Night Emergencies 10-9
Chapter Summary 10-9
Chapter 11 Transition to Complex Airplanes 11-1
Introduction 11-1
Function of Flaps 11-2
Flap Effectiveness 11-3
Operational Procedures 11-3
Controllable-Pitch Propeller 11-4
Constant-Speed Propeller 11-4
Takeoff, Climb, and Cruise 11-6
Blade Angle Control 11-7
Governing Range 11-7
Constant-Speed Propeller Operation 11-7
Turbocharging 11-8
Ground Boosting Versus Altitude Turbocharging 11-9
Operating Characteristics 11-9
Heat Management 11-10
Turhocharger Failure 11-10
Over-Boost Condition 11-10
Low Manifold Pressure 11-11
Retractable Landing Gear 11-11
Landing Gear Systems 11-11
Controls and Position Indicators 11-11
Landing Gear Safety Devices 11-11
Emergency Gear Extension Systems 11-12
Operational Procedures 11-12
Preflight 11-12
Takeoff and Climb 11-13
Approach and Landing 11-15
Transition Training 11-16
Chapter Summary 11-16
Chapter 12 Transition to Multiengine Airplanes 12-1
Introduction 12-1
General 12-2
Terms and Definitions 12-2
Operation of Systems 12-3
Propellers 12-3
Propeller Synchronization 12-6
Fuel Crossfeed 12-6
Combustion Heater 12-6
Flight Director Autopilot 12-6
Yaw Damper 12-7
Alternator/Generator 12-7
Nose Baggage Compartment 12-7
Anti-Icing/Deicing 12-8
Performance and Limitations 12-9
Weight and Balance 12-11
Ground Operation 12-12
Normal and Crosswind Takeoff and Climb 12-13
Level Off and Cruise 12-14
Normal Approach and Landing 12-14
Crosswind Approach and Landing 12-16
Short-Field Takeoff and Climb 12-17
Short-Field Approach and Landing 12-17
Go-Around 12-18
Rejected Takeoff 12-19
Engine Failure After Lift-Off 12-19
Landing Gear Down 12-19
Lauding Gear Control Selected Up, Single-Engine Climb Performance Inadequate 12-20
Landing Gear Control Selected Up, Single-Engine Climb Performance Adequate 12-20
Control 12-20
Configuration 12-21
Climb 12-21
Checklist 12-21
Engine Failure During Flight 12-22
Engine Inoperative Approach and Landing 12-23
Engine Inoperative Flight Principles 12-23
Slow Flight 12-26
Stalls 12-26
Power-Off Approach to Stall (Approach and Landing) 12-26
Power-On Approach to Stall (Takeoff and Departure) 12-27
Full Stall 12-27
Accelerated Approach to Stall 12-27
Spin Awareness 12-28
Chapter 13 Transition to Tailwheel Airplanes 13-1
Introduction 13-1
Landing Gear 13-2
Instability 13-2
Angle of Attack 13-2
Taxiing 13-2
Weathervaning 13-3
Visibility 13-3
Directional Control 13-3
Normal Takeoff Roll 13-3
Liftoff 13-4
Crosswind Takeoff 13-4
Short-Field Takeoff 13-4
Soft-Field Takeoff 13-4
Landing 13-5
Touchdown 13-5
Three-Point Landing 13-5
Wheel Landing 13-6
Crosswinds 13-6
After-Landing Roll 13-6
Crosswind After-Landing Roll 13-7
Short-Field Landing 13-7
Soft-Field Landing 13-8
Ground Loop 13-8
Chapter Summary 13-8
Chapter 14 Transition to Turbopropeller-Powered Airplanes 14-1
Introduction 14-1
Gas Turbine Engine 14-2
Turboprop Engines 14-2
Turboprop Engine Types 14-3
Fixed Shaft 14-3
Split Shaft/Free Turbine Engine 14-5
Reverse Thrust and Beta Range Operations 14-7
Turboprop Airplane Electrical Systems 14-8
Operational Considerations 14-9
Training Considerations 14-11
Ground Training 14-12
Flight Training 14-12
Chapter Summary 14-13
Chapter 15 Transition to Jet-Powered Airplanes 15-1
Introduction 15-1
Jet Engine Basics 5-2
Operating the Jet Engine 15-3
Jet Engine Ignition 15-4
Continuous Ignition 15-4
Fuel Heaters 15-4
Setting Power 15-4
Thrust To Thrust Lever Relationship 15-5
Variation of Thrust with RPM 15-5
Slow Acceleration of the Jet Engine 15-6
Jet Engine Efficiency 15-6
Absence of Propeller Effect 15-6
Absence of Propeller Slipstream 15-6
Absence of Propeller Drag 15-7
Speed Margins 15-7
Recovery From Overspeed Conditions 15-9
Mach Buffet Boundaries 15-9
Low Speed Flight 15-10
Stalls 15-11
Drag Devices 15-14
Thrust Reversers 15-15
Pilot Sensations in Jet Flying 15-17
Jet Airplane Takeoff and Climb 15-18
Minimum Equipment List and Configuration Deviation List 15-18
V-Speeds 15-20
Pre-Takcoff Procedures 15-20
Takeoff Roll 15-21
Rejected Takeoff 15-22
Rotation and Lift-Off 15-24
Initial Climb 15-24
Jet Airplane Approach and Landing 15-25
Landing Requirements 15-25
Landing Speeds 15-25
Significant Differences 15-26
Stabilized Approach 15-27
Approach Speed 15-27
Glidepath Control 15-28
The Flare 15-28
Touchdown and Rollout 15-29
Key Points 15-30
Chapter Summary 15-31
Chapter 16 Transition to Light Sport Airplanes (LSA) 16-1
Introduction 16-1
Light Sport Airplane (LSA) Background 16-2
LSA Synopsis 16-3
Sport Pilot Certificate 16-3
Transition Training Considerations 16-4
Flight School 16-4
Flight Instructors 16-4
LSA Maintenance 16-5
Airframe and Systems 16-5
Construction 16-5
Engines 16-6
Instrumentation 16-6
Weather Considerations 16-6
Flight Environment 16-7
Preflight 16-7
Inside of the Airplane 16-8
Outside of the Airplane 16-9
Before Start and Starting Engine 16-10
Taxi 16-10
Takeoff and Climb 16-11
Cruise 16-11
Approach and Landing 16-12
Emergencies 16-12
Postflight 16-12
Key Points 16-12
Chapter Summary 16-13
Chapter 17 Emergency Procedures 17-1
Emergency Situations 17-1
Emergency Landings 17-2
Types of Emergency Landings 17-2
Psychological Hazards 17-2
Basic Safety Concepts 17-2
General 17-2
Attitude and Sink Rate Control 17-4
Terrain Selection 17-4
Airplane Configuration 17-4
Approach 17-5
Terrain Types 17-5
Confined Areas 17-5
Trees (Forest) 17-5
Water (Ditching) and Snow 17-6
Engine Failure After Takeoff (Single-Engine) 17-6
Emergency Descents 17-6
In-Flight Fire 17-7
Engine Fire 17-8
Electrical Fires 17-8
Cabin Fire 17-8
Flight Control Malfunction/Failure 17-9
Total Flap Failure 17-9
Asymmetric (Split) Flap 17-9
Loss of Elevator Control 17-9
Landing Gear Malfunction 17-10
Systems Malfunctions 17-11
Electrical System 17-11
Pitot-Static System 17-12
Abnormal Engine Instrument Indication 17-13
Door Opening In-Flight 17-13
Inadvertent VFR Flight into IMC 17-15
Recognition 17-15
Maintaining Airplane Control 17-15
Attitude Control 17-16
Turns 17-16
Climbs 17-17
Descents 17-17
Combined Maneuvers 17-17
Transition to Visual Flight 17-18
Chapter Summary 17-18
Glossary G-1
Index I-1